| Outcome |
Relative effect
(95% CI) |
Absolute effect
(95% CI)1 |
Certainty of the Evidence
(GRADE) |
Viral negative conversion
D7 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Clinical improvement
D28 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Clinical improvement
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
WHO progression score (level 7 or above)
D28 |
RR: 1.06
(0.58 - 1.91) |
1 more per 1000
(from 9 fewer to 18 more)
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention and missing data Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness:
despite a multicentre design this is a single study from a single country, therefore results in this population might not be generalizable to other settings. Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for benefit and the possibility for harm and low number of participants
|
| 1 trials
Yu, LM 2021
2060 participants
|
|
Budesonide
21 per 1,000
(12 - 39) |
Standard care
20
per 1,000 |
|
WHO progression score (level 7 or above)
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
All-cause mortality
D28 |
RR: 0.83
(0.34 - 2.03) |
2 fewer per 1000
(from 7 fewer to 10 more)
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention and missing data Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Serious
despite a multicentre design this is a single study from a single country, therefore results in this population might not be generalizable to other settings. Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for benefit and the possibility for harm and low number of participants
|
| 1 trials
Yu LM, 2021
2060 participants
|
|
Budesonide
8 per 1,000
(3 - 21) |
Standard care
10
per 1,000 |
|
All-cause mortality
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Adverse events
|
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Serious adverse events
|
RR: 5.23
(0.25 - 108.86) |
Absolute effects were not calculated due to zero events in the control group
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns deviation from intended intervention, missing data and outcome measurement Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Not serious
We presume that the adverse event rates and the corresponding relative risks, are similar across diverse settings, therefore not downgraded for indirectness Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for benefit and the possibility for harm and low number of participants
|
| 1 trials
Yu LM, 2021
2112 participants
|
|
Budesonide
0 per 1,000
( - ) |
Standard care
0
per 1,000 |
|
Hospitalisation or death
* |
RR: 0.71
(0.54 - 0.93) |
31 fewer per 1000
(from 48 fewer to 7 fewer)
|
Low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention and missing data Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Serious
despite a multicentre design this is a single study from a single country, therefore results in this population might not be generalizable to other settings. Imprecision: Not serious
|
| 1 trials
Yu LM, 2021
2060 participants
|
|
Budesonide
75 per 1,000
(57 - 98) |
Standard care
105
per 1,000 |
|
1The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI)
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect
