Covid-19 living Data

Pharmacologic treatments for covid-19 patients

Methods

Protocol amendment:

As of March 1, 2022, the COVID-NMA revised its protocol to include only studies evaluating immunomodulators and antiviral therapies. Comparisons evaluating antivirals and immunomodulators will continue to be updated every two weeks.

For treatments that are neither immunomodulators nor antivirals, we provide the updated results up to Feb 28, 2022 including all identified reports through our search strategy up to this date.

meta-COVID

Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data, create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

Treatment comparisons

Of note, as of March 1, 2022, the COVID-NMA revised its protocol and reduced its scope.
Only comparisons evaluating antivirals and immunomodulators will continue to be updated every two weeks.

Create and download your forest plots with the most up-to-date data here Forest plots

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Your research: All results

Access the forest plots for the 363 treatment comparisons .

Comparisons evaluating antivirals and immunomodulators updated every two weeks.

Anti-virals (79 comparisons) update new

Interferons (13 comparisons) update new

Kinase inhibitor (17 comparisons) update new

Corticosteroids (14 comparisons) update new

Monoclonal antibodies (75 comparisons) update new

Other immunomodulators (12 comparisons) update new

Convalescent plasma (4 comparisons) update new

Comparisons with last search date 28 February 2022 or as stated next to each comparison.

Other antimicrobials (antibiotics, antimalarials, antiparasitics) (42 comparisons) update new

Atazanavir+Ritonavir+Dolutegravir+Hydroxychloroquine vs Hydroxychloroquine+Lopinavir+Ritonavir - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Azithromycin vs Standard care/Placebo - 6 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Chloroquine vs Standard Care - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Chloroquine (nasal drops) vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Clarithromycin vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Darunavir/cobicistat vs Standard Care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Doxycycline vs Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Doxycycline vs Standard care - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Emtricitabine/tenofovir + Colchicine + Rosuvastatin vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Favipiravir+interferon beta-1b vs Hydroxychloroquine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Febuxostat vs Hydroxychloroquine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine vs Standard Care/Placebo - 28 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine vs Chloroquine - 3 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine vs Remdesivir - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine vs Vitamin C - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine vs Azithromycin - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin vs Standard care/Placebo - 4 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin vs Hydroxychloroquine - 4 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin vs Vitamin C - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine+ivermectin+azithromycin vs Ivermectin - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine+Ribavirin vs Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Ribavirin - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine+Ribavirin vs Standard care - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine+Zinc vs Hydroxychloroquine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychlrooquine+ Sofosbuvir vs Hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir + ritonavir - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Indomethacin vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Itraconazole vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin vs Standard care/Placebo update - 22 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin vs Lopinavir-Ritonavir - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin vs Hydroxychloroquine - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin 12 mg vs Ivermectin 24 mg - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin 6mg vs Ivermectin 12mg - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin+Doxycycline vs Hydroxychloroquine+Azithromycin - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin+Doxycycline vs Standard care/Placebo - 3 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Ivermectin+Doxycycline vs Ivermectine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Levamisole vs Standard care/Placebo - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Lincomycin vs Azithromycin - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Lopinavir-Ritonavir vs Hydroxychloroquine - 3 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Lopinavir-Ritonavir+Interferon beta-1a vs Hydroxychloroquine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Metronidazole vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Niclosamide vs Standard care/Placebo - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Nitazoxanide vs Standard care/Placebo - 5 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

NSAIDs and Anti-inflammatories (8 comparisons) update new

Antithrombotic (antiplatelet, anticoagulant, thrombolytic drug) (13 comparisons) update new

Other Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) (3 comparisons) update new

Others (54 comparisons) update new

a-Lipoic acid vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Ammonium chloride vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Apremilast vs Placebo - 1 RCTs

Aprepitant+Dexamethasone vs Dexamethasone - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Aspirin vs Standard care/Placebo - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Aviptadil vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

BCG vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Bromhexine vs Standard care - 3 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 21 Jan, 2022.)

C1 Esterase/Kallikrein Inhibitor vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Colchicine + Rosuvastatin vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Combined metabolic cofactor supplementation vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Compound 21 vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Continue ARB/ACEI vs Discontinue ARB/ACEI - 5 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Dapagliflozin vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Dutasteride vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 21 Jan, 2022.)

Famotidine vs Standard care/Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Febuxostat vs Hydroxychloroquine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Finasteride vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 21 Jan, 2022.)

Fluvoxamine vs Placebo - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

GB0139 vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine vs Vitamin C - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin vs Vitamin C - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Hydroxychloroquine+Zinc vs Hydroxychloroquine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Icatibant vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Icatibant vs C1 Esterase/Kallikrein Inhibitor - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Icosapent ethyl vs Standard care - 1 RCTs

Inhaled Nitric Oxide vs Standard care - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

KB109 vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Losartan vs Amlodipine - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Losartan vs Standard care/Placebo - 4 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Mycobacterium vaccae vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

N-acetylcysteine vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Neutral electrolyzed saline vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Pentoxifylline vs Standard care/Placebo - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Progesterone vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 21 Jan, 2022.)

Prolectin-M vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Prostacyclin vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Proxalutamide vs Standard care/Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Pyridostigmine vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Quercetin vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Sildenafil vs Placebo - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Sitagliptin vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Sitagliptin + Spironolactone vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Spironolactone vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Telmisartan vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) bolus+heparin vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 28 Feb, 2022.)

Vitamin C vs Zinc - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Vitamin C vs Vitamin C + zinc - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Vitamin C vs Standard of care/Placebo - 4 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Vitamin C+Zinc vs Standard care - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Vitamin D vs Standard care/Placebo - 4 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Vitamin D 5000 IU vs Vitamin D 1000 IU - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Zinc vs Standard care/Placebo - 2 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Zinc vs Vitamin C+Zinc - 1 RCTs (This comparison will not be updated. Last search date 22 Oct, 2021.)

Search studies

General characteristics of primary studies

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Trial	Funding	Comparisons		Design	Participants	Sample size	Overall risk of bias Highest assessment	Full description
		Treatment 1	Treatment 2
New NCT04518410 ACTIV-2 Taiwo BO, Top Antivir Med, 2022 Full text	Not reported/unclear	SAB-185	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated by 42 centers in the USA	N=213	N/A	Full description
New NCT04518410 ACTIV-2 Jilg N, Top Antivir Med, 2022 a Full text	Not reported/unclear	Camostat Mesilate	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated by 54 centers in the USA	N=215	N/A	Full description
New NCT04518410 ACTIV-2 Evering TH, Open Forum Infect Dis, 2021 Full text Commentary	Not reported/unclear	BRII-196 plus BRII-198	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated by multiple centers in the USA, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico, Argentina and the Philippines.	N=837	Some concerns Details	Full description
New NCT04575038 CRISIS2 CRISIS2, Unpublished, 2022 Full text	Not reported/unclear	Brequinar	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated by 14 centers in USA.	N=115	Low Details	Full description
New NCT04709835 NCT04709835, Unpublished, 2022 Full text	Not reported/unclear	AT-527 AT-527 550 mg	Placebo AT-527 1100 mg	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated by 12 centers in Canada, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Spain, UK	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04694612 Adhikari P, Int J Infect Dis, 2022 a Full text Commentary	Not reported/unclear	Favipiravir	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to 9 centers in Nepal	N=70	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04694612 Adhikari P, Int J Infect Dis, 2022 b Full text Commentary	Not reported/unclear	Remdesivir	Favipiravir	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 9 centers in Nepal	N=20	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04427501 BLAZE-1 BLAZE-1, Unpublished, 2022 Full text	Not reported/unclear	LY-CoV555+LY-CoV016	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated by multiple centers in the USA.	N=354	Low Details	Full description
NCT04847141 NCT04847141, Unpublished, 2022 Full text	Not reported/unclear	Hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 Intravenous Immunoglobulin 1g/2g	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic) treated by 5 centers in Spain.	N=461	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04666441 Portal Celhay C, JAMA Netw Open, 2022 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	Private	Casirivimab+Imdevimab (REGN-COV2) 1200mg Casirivimab+Imdevimab (REGN-COV2) 1200mg	Placebo Casirivimab+Imdevimab (REGN-COV2) 1200mg	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic-mild) treated by 47 centers in the USA	N=413	Low Details	Full description