Covid-19 living Data

Pharmacologic treatments for covid-19 patients

We are searching the literature every day and collecting data for each RCT of COVID-19 treatment identified.

Below you can access all the treatment comparisons where data are available as well as a table with the general characteristics of each trial. For each treatment comparison, you can access the forest plots for all the outcomes of interest available as well as the Summary of Findings (SoF) table.

We are updating the evidence synthesis every Friday. The updates of evidence profiles and summary of findings tables are uploaded for comparisons with results for at least two studies.

Create and download your forest plots with the most up-to-date data here

Treatment comparisons

We report below the forest plots for the main treatment comparisons.

Please choose a Treatment Comparison type then a Treatment Comparison:

Anti-virals (35 comparisons) update new

Other antimicrobials (antibiotics, antimalarials, antiparasitics) (21 comparisons) update new

NSAIDs and Anti-inflammatories (2 comparisons) update new

Kinase inhibitor (3 comparisons) update new

Corticosteroids (2 comparisons) update new

Monoclonal antibodies (10 comparisons) update new

Immunosupressant (1 comparisons) update new

Convalescent plasma (3 comparisons) update new

Antithrombotic (antiplatelet, anticoagulant, thrombolytic drug) (2 comparisons) update new

Other Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) (3 comparisons) update new

Others (24 comparisons) update new

Reboot the table and see all comparisons

Network diagrams

Networks

The nodes represent the interventions being compared in the available RCTs. Two interventions are connected with a line whenever there is at least one RCT comparing them directly. The size of the nodes is proportional to the total number of participants randomised in each intervention and the thickness of the line is proportional to the precision (i.e. the inverse of the variance) of the relative effect for the respective direct comparison. The color of the lines represents the overall risk of bias of the direct comparisons for the outcome that corresponds to each network diagram. When two or more RCTs compare the same pair of interventions, then the risk of bias of that comparison is calculated as the inverse variance weighted average of the study-specific overall risk of bias judgements.

Description of primary studies

In this table, we report the main characteristics of the RCTs identified.

The link in the column Overall risk of bias will give you access to a complete description of the assessment of each risk of bias domain with supports for judgement. The overall risk of bias reported in the table corresponds to the highest risk of bias for the outcomes assessed for the systematic review. The link in the column Full description will give you access to the general characteristics of the study.

The components included in the standard of care vary among the included studies. For example, the standard of care may include antiviral treatments in some studies, but not in others. We are in the process of contacting the study authors to obtain more information.

We acknowledge that we may have been unable to extract some information from pre-prints, as they represent preliminary forms of scientific communication.

Trial	Funding	Comparisons		Design	Participants	Sample size	Overall risk of bias	Full description
		Treatment 1	Treatment 2
IRCT20200328046886N1 Abbaspour Kasgari H, J Antimicrob Chemoth, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	SOF/DCV+RBV	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in Iran.	N=48	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04353336 Abd-Elsalam S, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to three university hospitals in Egypt.	N=194	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04447534 Abd-Elsalam S, Biol Trace Elem Res, 2020 Full text Commentary	Not reported/unclear	Hydroxychloroquine+Zinc	Hydroxychloroquine	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 3 centers in Egypt	N=191	Some concerns Details	Full description
CTRI/2020/04/024775 Agarwal A, BMJ, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Convalescent plasma	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild to severe) admitted to 39 centers in India.	N=464	High Details	Full description
* Ahmed S,Int J Infect Dis,2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Ivermectin+Doxycycline	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to hospital in Bangladesh.	N=72	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Ivermectin+Doxycycline	Ivermectin
		Ivermectin	Placebo
NCT04356534 AlQahtani M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Public/non profit	Convalescent plasma	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 2 centers in Bahrain	N=40	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04573153 Altay O, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Combined metabolic cofactor supplementation	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at a single center in Turkey	N=93	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT02735707 Angus DC, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Fixed-dose hydrocortisone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 121 centers in 8 countries	N=251	Some concerns Details	Full description
IRCT20200317046797N4 Ansarin K, BioImpacts, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Bromhexine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (unclear severity) at a single center in Iran	N=78	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04366089 Araimo F , J Med Virol, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Oxygen-Ozone+Probiotic	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Italy	N=28	High Details	Full description
NCT04345523 Avendano-Sola C, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Convalescent plasma	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 14 centers in Spain	N=81	Some concerns Details	Full description
new ISRCTN40302986 Babalola OE, IVERCOVID, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Private	Ivermectin 6mg	Ivermectin 12mg	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in Nigeria	N=62	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Ivermectin 6mg	Lopinavir-Ritonavir
		Ivermectin 12mg	Lopinavir-Ritonavir
NCT04346446 Bajpai M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary	No specific funding	Convalescent plasma	Fresh frozen plasma	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in India	N=31	High Details	Full description
NCT04375098 Balcells M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary	Public/non profit	Early Convalescent plasma	Late Convalescent plasma	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single centre in Chile.	N=58	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04542694 Balykova L, Infektsionnye bolezn, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Favipiravir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 5 centers in Russia	N=200	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04280705 Beigel JH, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Remdesivir	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 60 centers in 10 countries.	N=1062	Low Details	Full description
NCT04323527 Borba MGS, JAMA Netw Open, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Chloroquine	Chloroquine	RCT	Patients with Severe/Critical respiratory syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection treated in a single center in Brazil.	N=80	Low Details	Full description Forest plots
NCT04329832 Brown SM, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine	Azithromycin	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 13 centers in the USA	N=85	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029308 Cao B, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary	Mixed	Lopinavir-Ritonavir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in China.	N=199	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR-OPN-200002958 Cao Y, J Allergy Clin Immun, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Ruxolitinib	Vitamin C	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 3 centers in China.	N=43	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04322123 Cavalcanti AB, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 55 centers in Brazil	N=667	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin	Standard care
		Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin	Hydroxychloroquine
NCT04390022 Chaccour C, Research square , 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Ivermectin	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) attending the emergency room at a single center in Spain	N=24	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000030254 Chen C, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Favipiravir	Umifenovir	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate, Severe/Critical) admitted to 3 center	N=240	High Details	Full description
NCT04384380 Chen CP, Plos one, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 11 centers in Taiwan	N=33	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04261517 Chen J, Journal of Zhejiang , 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Treatment-naive patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single	N=30	High Details	Full description
NCT04252274 Chen J, Open Forum Infect Di, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Darunavir/cobicistat	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China	N=30	High Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000030054 Chen L, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public	Hydroxychloroquine	Chloroquine	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild, moderate) admitted to a single center in China	N=67	High Details	Full description
		Chloroquine	Standard care
		Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care
NCT04427501 Chen P, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	LY-CoV555	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at 41 centers in USA	N=467	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029559 Chen Z, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China.	N=62	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000030007 Cheng L, JAMA Intern Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	rhG-CSF	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 3 centers in China	N=200	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04434144 Chowdhury ATMM, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary	No specific funding	Ivermectin+Doxycycline	Hydroxychloroquine+Azithromycin	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic, mild) treated at a single center in Bangladesh	N=125	High Details	Full description
EudraCT202000193437 Corral-Gudino L, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Methylprednisolone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a 5 centers in Spain	N=64	High Details	Full description
RPCEC00000317 Cruz LR, ACS Pharmacol Trans, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	CIGB-325	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic-severe) admitted to a single center in Cuba	N=20	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04349241 Dabbous HM, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary	Private	Favipiravir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 2 centers in Egypt	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
IRCT20190727044343N1 Davoodi L, Int J Clin Pract, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Febuxostat	Hydroxychloroquine	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated at a single center in Iran	N=60	Some concerns Details	Full description
IRCT20100228003449N2 Davoudi-Monfared E, Antimicrob Agents Ch, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Interferon beta-1a	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate to critical) admitted to a single center in Iran.	N=92	High Details	Full description
NCT04386694 De Marchi T, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Mixed	Photobiomodulation therapy	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil.	N=30	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04326790 Deftereos S, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Colchicine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 16 centers in Greece.	N=110	Some concerns Details	Full description
RPCEC00000309 Delgado-Enciso I, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Neutral electrolyzed saline	Standard care	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (ambulatory, mild) treated at home in Mexico.	N=84	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT02517489 Dequin P-F, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydrocortisone	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 9 centers in France	N=149	Low Details	Full description
jRCTs041190120 Doi Y, Antimicrob Agents Ch, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Favipiravir	Favipiravir	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic-mild-moderate) admitted to multiple centers in Japan	N=88	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04244591 Du, unpublished, 2020	Public/non profit	Methylprednisolone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to multiple centers in China	N=47	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04355936 Duarte M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Telmisartan	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to 2 centers in Argentina	N=82	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04325893 Dubee V, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 34 centres in France and Monaco.	N=250	Low Details	Full description
IRCT20200404046947N1 Edalatifard M, Eur Respir J, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Intravenous pulse Methylprednisolone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to two centers in Iran	N=68	High Details	Full description
NCT04366908 Entrenas Castillo M, J Steroid Biochem Mo, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Calcifediol	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confimed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Spain	N=76	Some concerns Details	Full description
RPCEC00000307 Esquivel-Moynelo I, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	IFN alpha2b+IFN gamma	Interferon alpha2b	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (ambulatory, mild) admitted to a single center	N=79	High Details	Full description
IRCT20200406046963N1 Farahani R, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	IVMP Pulse then Prednisolone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Iran	N=29	N/A	Full description
new NCT04354259 Feld JJ, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Peginterferon Lambda-1	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) tested at 6 centers in Canada	N=60	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000030262 Fu W, EClinicalMedicine, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Interferon kappa+TFF2	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China	N=80	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04321278 Furtado RHM, Lancet, 2020 Full text	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin	Hydroxychloroquine	RCT	Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 57 centers in Brazil	N=447	Some concerns Details	Full description
RBR-8969zg Garcia de Alencar JC, CID, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	N-acetylcysteine	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in Brazil	N=140	N/A	Full description
NCT04365127 Ghandehari S, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Private	Progesterone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in the USA.	N=42	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04342182 Gharbharan A, medRxiv, 2020 Full text	Mixed	Convalescent plasma	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 14 centers in the Netherlands	N=86	High Details	Full description
IRCT20200501047259N1 Gharebaghi N, BMC Infect Dis., 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Intravenous Immunoglobulin	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Iran	N=59	N/A	Full description
NCT04292899 Goldman JD, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Results in clinicaltrials.gov Full text Commentary and Commentary	Private	Remdesivir 5 days	Remdesivir 10 days	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate to critical) admitted to 55 centers across 5 countries.	N=402	Some concerns Details	Full description Forest plots
ISRCTN59048638 Gonzalez-Ochoa AJ , medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Private	Sulodexide	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) of a single center in Mexico	N=312	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT02735707 Gordon AC, REMAP-CAP, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Tocilizumab	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 113 centers in Australia, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, UK.	N=826	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Tocilizumab	Sarilumab
		Sarilumab	Standard care
N/A Guvenmez O, J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Lincomycin	Azithromycin	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in Turkey	N=24	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04331808 Hermine O, JAMA Intern Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Tocilizumab	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to nine centers in France	N=131	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04381936 Horby P, Lancet, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Lopinavir-Ritonavir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 163 centers in the UK	N=5040	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04381936 ; ISRCTN 50189673 Horby P, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Azithromycin	Standard care	RCT	Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (mild to critical) admitted to 176 centers in the UK	N=7764	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04381936 RECOVERY Trial Horby P, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Dexamethasone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 (moderate to critical) admitted to 176 centers in the UK	N=6425	Some concerns Details	Full description Forest plot (sub group)
NCT04381936 Horby P, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 176 centers in the UK	N=4716	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029387 Huang YQ, Front Pharmacol, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Ribavirin+Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha	Ribavarin+Interferon alpha	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China	N=101	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha	Ribavarin+Interferon alpha
		Ribavirin+Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha	Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha
NCT04276688 Hung IF-N, Lancet, 2020 Full text 31042-4.pdf Commentary (20)31101-6 and Commentary	Public/non profit	LPV/r+RBV+IFN beta1	Lopinavir-Ritonavir	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to six centers in Hong-Kong	N=127	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04434248 Ivashchenko AA, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Favipiravir 1800/800mg	Favipiravir 1600/600mg	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 6 centers in Russia	N=60	Some concerns Details	Full description Forest plots
		Favipiravir 1600/600mg	Standard care
		Favipiravir 1800/800mg	Standard care
NCT04331899 Jagannathan P, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Peginterferon Lambda-1a	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic, mild) treated at a single center in the USA	N=120	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04401579 Kalil A, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Baricitinib+Remdesivir	Placebo+Remdesivir	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 67 centers in Denmark, Japan, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, UK, USA.	N=1033	Low Details	Full description
N/A Khamis F, Int J Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Favipiravir+Interferon beta-1b	Hydroxychloroquine	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) treated at a single center in Oman	N=89	Some concerns Details	Full description
N/A Khan Chachar AZ, Int J Sci, 2020 Full text Commentary	5.Not reported/unclear	Ivermectin	Standard care	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (symptomatic-mild) treated at a single center in Pakistan	N=50	High Details	Full description
new CTRI/2020/08/027225 Kirti R, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Ivermectin	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in India	N=115	High Details	Full description
NCT04381884 Krolewiecki A, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Mixed	Ivermectin	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 4 centers in Argentina	N=45	Some concerns Details	Full description
CTRI/2020/05/024959 Kumar S, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Private	Itolizumab	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 4 centers in India	N=32	Some concerns Details	Full description
new NCT04355728 Lanzoni G, Stem Cells Transl Me, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in USA	N=24	Some concerns Details	Full description
RBR-949z6v Lemos ACB, Thromb Res, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Therapeutic enoxaparin	Prophylactic anticoagulant	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil	N=20	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04342663 Lenze E, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Fluvoxamine	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (ambulatory, mild) treated at home in USA	N=181	Low Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029638 Li C, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Recombinant super-compound interferon	Interferon alpha	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 5 centers in China	N=96	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029757 Li L, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Public/non profit	Convalescent plasma	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe to critical) admitted to 7 centers in China.	N=103	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04273763 Li T, Clin Transl Sci , 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Bromhexine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in China	N=18	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04479163 Libster R, NEJM, 2021 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Convalescent plasma	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to multiple centers in Argentina	N=160	Low Details	Full description
EudraCT 2020-001243- Liesenborghs L, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Public/non profit	Itraconazole	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to a single center in Belgium	N=*	Some concerns Details	Full description
RBR-8jyhxh Lopes MIF, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Colchicine	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil	N=38	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029544 Lou Y, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Favipiravir	Baloxavir marboxil	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to a single center in China.	N=30	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Baloxavir marboxil	Standard care
		Favipiravir	Standard care
NCT04501978 Lundgren J, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	LY-CoV555	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 31 centers in Denmark, Singapore and USA	N=326	Low Details	Full description
NCT04316377 Lyngbakken MN, Nature, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in Norway	N=53	High Details	Full description
NCT04523831 Mahmud R, Unpublished, 2020 Full text	Mixed	Ivermectin+Doxycycline	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in Bangladesh	N=400	High Details	Full description
N/A Maldonado V, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Pentoxifylline	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Mexico	N=54	N/A	Full description
RBR-5s2mqg Mansour E, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Icatibant	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Brazil	N=30	Some concerns Details	Full description
		C1 Esterase/Kallikrein Inhibitor	Standard care
		Icatibant	C1 Esterase/Kallikrein Inhibitor
NCT04468646 Mehboob R, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Aprepitant+Dexamethasone	Dexamethasone	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to a single center in Pakistan	N=41	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04345614 Miller J, Crit Care, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Auxora	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 3 centers in USA	N=26	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04304053 Mitja O, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Outpatients with COVID-19 (mild) in an ambulatory setting in Spain	N=353	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04385095 ; EudraCT 2020-001023-14 Monk PD, Lancet Respir Med, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	Private	Nebulised interferon beta-1a	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to nine centers in the UK	N=101	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04449718 Murai I, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Public/non profit	Cholecalciferol	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 2 centres in Brazil	N=240	Some concerns Details	Full description
IRCT20180725040596N2 Nojomi M, BMC Infect Dis., 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine+Umifenovir	Hydroxychloroquine+Lopinavir+Ritonavir	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Iran	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04349592 Omrani A (Q-PROTECT), EClinicalMedicine, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine+Azithromycin	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at two centers in Qatar	N=456	Low Details	Full description
		Hydroxychloroquine	Placebo
		Hydroxychloroquine+Azithromycin	Hydroxychloroquine
CTRI/2020/05/025013 Padmanabhan U, medRixv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Mixed	Bacille Calmette-Guérin	Placebo	RCT	“Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in India”	N=60	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary	Mixed	Remdesivir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries.	N=5475	Low Details	Full description
ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary	Mixed	Interferon beta-1a	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries.	N=4127	Low Details	Full description
ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary	Mixed	Lopinavir-Ritonavir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries.	N=2791	Low Details	Full description
ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries.	N=1863	Low Details	Full description
NCT04348305 Perner A, unpublished, 2020	Mixed	Hydrocortisone	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 19 centers in Denmark.	N=29	Low Details	Full description
N/A Podder C, IMC J Med Sci, 2020 Full text	No specific funding	Ivermectin	Standard care	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated at a single center in Bangladesh	N=*	High Details	Full description
NCT04343729 Prado Jeronimo CM, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Methylprednisolone	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil	N=416	High Details	Full description
IRCT20100228003449N2 Rahmani H, Int Immunopharmacol, 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Interferon beta-1b	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Iran	N=80	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04459247 Rastogi A, Postgrad Med J, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	No specific funding	Cholecalciferol	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (symptomatic or asymptomatic mild) admitted to a single center in India	N=40	N/A	Full description
CTRI/2020/05/025209 Ray Y, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary	Public/non profit	Convalescent plasma	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in India	N=80	High Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029853 Ren Z, Adv Sci, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Azvudine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in China	N=20	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04552483 Rocco PRM, Eur Respir J, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Nitazoxanide	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at 7 centers in Brazil	N=475	High Details	Full description
IRCT20200403046926N1 Roozbeh F, J Antimicrob Chemother, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Sofosbuvir-Daclatasvir	Standard care	RCT	Outpatients with COVID-19 (mild) treated at a single center in Iran	N=60	N/A	Full description
NCT04320615 Rosas I, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Tocilizumab	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to multiple centers across 9 countries	N=452	Low Details	Full description
NCT04501783 Ruzhentsova T, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Private	Favipiravir	Standard care	RCT	Patients (and outpatients) with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated at 10 centers in Russia	N=168	Some concerns Details	Full description
IRCT20200128046294N2 Sadeghi A, J Antimicrob Chemoth, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Sofosbuvir+daclatasvir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 4 centers in Iran	N=70	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04411667 Sakoulas G, Crit Care Expl , 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Intravenous Immunoglobulin	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 2 centers in USA.	N=34	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04372186 Salama C, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	Private	Tocilizumab	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 65 centers in Brazil, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, and USA	N=388	Low Details	Full description
IRCT20200418047126N1 Salehzadeh F, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Colchicine	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to a single center in Iran	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04346355 Salvarani C, JAMA , 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Tocilizumab	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 24 centers in Italy	N=126	Some concerns Details	Full description
IRCT20200415047092N1 Sekhavati E, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Azithromycin	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 confirmed (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Iran	N=111	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04332991 Self W, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 confirmed (mild-critical) admitted to 34 centers in the USA	N=479	Low Details	Full description
NCT04288102 Shi L, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Public/non profit	Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to two centers in China	N=101	Low Details	Full description
N/A Shogenova LV, Pulmonologiya, 2020 Full text Commentary	Not reported/unclear	Thermal helium-oxygen mixture	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Russia	N=60	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000031494 Shu L, Stem Cell Res Ther, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center China	N=41	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04512027; CTRI/2020/09/027833 Sigamani A,, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Prolectin-M	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to a single center in India	N=10	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04383535 Simonovich VA, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Convalescent plasma	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 12 centers in Argentina	N=334	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04308668 Skipper CP, Ann Intern Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Hydroxychloroquine	Placebo	RCT	Symptomatic, non-hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or probable COVID-19 with high-risk exposure within 4 days of symptom onset.	N=491	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04292730 Spinner CD, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Remdesivir 5 days	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 105 centers in the USA, Europe and Asia	N=596	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Remdesivir 10 days	Standard care
		Remdesivir 5 days	Remdesivir 10 days
NCT04356937 Stone JH, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Tocilizumab	Placebo	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to seven centers in USA	N=243	Low Details	Full description
IRCT20151227025726N20 Tabarsi P, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Intravenous Immunoglobulin	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Iran	N=84	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029868 Tang W, BMJ, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary	Mixed	Hydroxychloroquine	Standard care	RCT	Patients with COVID-19 (mild, moderate and severe) admitted to 16 centers in China	N=150	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04327401 Tomazini BM, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	Dexamethasone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted to 41 centers in Brazil	N=299	Some concerns Details	Full description
CTRI/2020/05/025114 Udwadia Z, Int J Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	Favipiravir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild/moderate) admitted to 7 centers in India	N=150	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04369742 Ulrich RJ, Open Forum Infect Di, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Hydroxychloroquine	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 5 centers in USA	N=128	High Details	Full description
NCT04325061 Villar J, unpublished, 2020 Unpublished	Public/non profit	Dexamethasone	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted 14 centers in Spain	N=19	Low Details	Full description
NCT04333420 Vlaar APJ, Lancet , 2020 Full text 30341-6 Commentary	Private	IFX-1	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to three centers	N=30	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029765 Wang D, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Tocilizumab	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 6 centers in China	N=65	High Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000030058 Wang M, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Leflunomide + Interferon alpha2a	Interferon alpha2a	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to a single center China	N=50	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04257656 Wang Y, Lancet, 2020 Full text 31022-9 Commentary	Mixed	Remdesivir	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to ten centers in China.	N=237	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04425629 Weinreich DM, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary	Mixed	REGN-COV2	Placebo	RCT	Outpatients with COVID-19 (symtomatic-mild) treated at 27 centers in USA	N=275	Low Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000030001 Wu X, Engineering, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Triazavirin	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 10 centers in China	N=52	Some concerns Details	Full description
DRKS00022203 Yakoot M, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Private	Sofosbuvir+Daclatasvir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in Egypt	N=89	Some concerns Details	Full description
N/A Yethindra V, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2020 Full text Commentary	No specific funding	Umifenovir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in Kyrgyzstan	N=30	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000029431 Yuan, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Tc-MDP	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to 2 centers in China	N=21	N/A	Full description
NCT04252885 Yueping L, CellPress, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Lopinavir + Ritonavir	Standard care	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in China.	N=86	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Umifenovir	Lopinavir + Ritonavir
		Umifenovir	Standard care
NCT04264533 Zhang J, Ann. Intensive Care, 2021 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Vitamin C	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 3 centers in China	N=56	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000030894, NC Zhao H Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Favipiravir	Favipiravir+Tocilizumab	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 4 centers in China	N=26	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Tocilizumab	Favipiravir+Tocilizumab
		Favipiravir	Tocilizumab
ChiCTR2000029496 Zheng F, Int J Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Public/non profit	Novaferon	Lopinavir + Ritonavir	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in China.	N=89	Some concerns Details	Full description
		Novaferon + Lopinavir + Ritonavir	Lopinavir + Ritonavir
		Novaferon + Lopinavir + Ritonavir	Novaferon
ChiCTR2000029851 Zhong M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary	Private	alfa-Lipoic acid	Placebo	RCT	Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 1 center in China.	N=17	Some concerns Details	Full description

Kemran S M medRxiv, 2020 trial was not included in our data analysis due to unconvincing randamization that was not clarified by authors quote " Randomization rules were designed by Dr. xxx together with principal investigators and implemented by an independent statistician who was not involved in data analysis. Stratified random sampling was applied to stratify all eligible patients according to age, gender and comorbidities. Computerized random number generator was used and allocation was done in 2:1 sequence. Cards with each group assignment number randomly generated by computer were placed in sequentially numbered envelopes that were opened as the patients were enrolled".