Pharmacologic treatments for covid-19 patients
We are searching the literature every day and collecting data for each RCT of COVID-19 treatment identified.
Below you can access all the treatment comparisons where data are available as well as a table with the general characteristics of each trial. For each treatment comparison, you can access the forest plots for all the outcomes of interest available as well as the Summary of Findings (SoF) table.
We are updating the evidence synthesis every Friday. The updates of evidence profiles and summary of findings tables are uploaded for comparisons with results for at least two studies.
Create and download your forest plots with the most up-to-date data here
Treatment comparisons
We report below the forest plots for the main treatment comparisons.
Please choose a Treatment Comparison type then a Treatment Comparison:
Anti-virals (35 comparisons)
Other antimicrobials (antibiotics, antimalarials, antiparasitics) (21 comparisons)
NSAIDs and Anti-inflammatories (2 comparisons)
Kinase inhibitor (3 comparisons)
Corticosteroids (2 comparisons)
Monoclonal antibodies (10 comparisons)
Immunosupressant (1 comparisons)
Convalescent plasma (3 comparisons)
Antithrombotic (antiplatelet, anticoagulant, thrombolytic drug) (2 comparisons)
Other Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) (3 comparisons)
Others (24 comparisons)
Network diagrams
The nodes represent the interventions being compared in the available RCTs. Two interventions are connected with a line whenever there is at least one RCT comparing them directly. The size of the nodes is proportional to the total number of participants randomised in each intervention and the thickness of the line is proportional to the precision (i.e. the inverse of the variance) of the relative effect for the respective direct comparison. The color of the lines represents the overall risk of bias of the direct comparisons for the outcome that corresponds to each network diagram. When two or more RCTs compare the same pair of interventions, then the risk of bias of that comparison is calculated as the inverse variance weighted average of the study-specific overall risk of bias judgements.
Description of primary studies
In this table, we report the main characteristics of the RCTs identified.
The link in the column Overall risk of bias will give you access to a complete description of the assessment of each risk of bias domain with supports for judgement. The overall risk of bias reported in the table corresponds to the highest risk of bias for the outcomes assessed for the systematic review. The link in the column Full description will give you access to the general characteristics of the study.
The components included in the standard of care vary among the included studies. For example, the standard of care may include antiviral treatments in some studies, but not in others. We are in the process of contacting the study authors to obtain more information.
We acknowledge that we may have been unable to extract some information from pre-prints, as they represent preliminary forms of scientific communication.
Trial | Funding | Comparisons | Design | Participants | Sample size | Overall risk of bias |
Full description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | |||||||
IRCT20200328046886N1 Abbaspour Kasgari H, J Antimicrob Chemoth, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | SOF/DCV+RBV | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in Iran. | N=48 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04353336 Abd-Elsalam S, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to three university hospitals in Egypt. | N=194 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04447534 Abd-Elsalam S, Biol Trace Elem Res, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Not reported/unclear | Hydroxychloroquine+Zinc | Hydroxychloroquine | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 3 centers in Egypt | N=191 |
Some concerns Details |
|
CTRI/2020/04/024775 Agarwal A, BMJ, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Convalescent plasma | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild to severe) admitted to 39 centers in India. | N=464 |
High Details |
|
* Ahmed S,Int J Infect Dis,2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Ivermectin+Doxycycline | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to hospital in Bangladesh. | N=72 |
Some concerns Details |
|
Ivermectin+Doxycycline | Ivermectin | |||||||
Ivermectin | Placebo | |||||||
NCT04356534 AlQahtani M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Public/non profit | Convalescent plasma | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 2 centers in Bahrain | N=40 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04573153 Altay O, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Combined metabolic cofactor supplementation | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at a single center in Turkey | N=93 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT02735707 Angus DC, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Fixed-dose hydrocortisone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 121 centers in 8 countries | N=251 |
Some concerns Details |
|
IRCT20200317046797N4 Ansarin K, BioImpacts, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Bromhexine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (unclear severity) at a single center in Iran | N=78 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04366089 Araimo F , J Med Virol, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Oxygen-Ozone+Probiotic | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Italy | N=28 |
High Details |
|
NCT04345523 Avendano-Sola C, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Convalescent plasma | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 14 centers in Spain | N=81 |
Some concerns Details |
|
new ISRCTN40302986Babalola OE, IVERCOVID, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Private | Ivermectin 6mg | Ivermectin 12mg | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in Nigeria | N=62 |
Some concerns Details |
|
Ivermectin 6mg | Lopinavir-Ritonavir | |||||||
Ivermectin 12mg | Lopinavir-Ritonavir | |||||||
NCT04346446 Bajpai M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary |
No specific funding | Convalescent plasma | Fresh frozen plasma | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in India | N=31 |
High Details |
|
NCT04375098 Balcells M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary |
Public/non profit | Early Convalescent plasma | Late Convalescent plasma | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single centre in Chile. | N=58 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04542694 Balykova L, Infektsionnye bolezn, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Favipiravir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 5 centers in Russia | N=200 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04280705 Beigel JH, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Remdesivir | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 60 centers in 10 countries. | N=1062 |
Low Details |
|
NCT04323527 Borba MGS, JAMA Netw Open, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Chloroquine | Chloroquine | RCT | Patients with Severe/Critical respiratory syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection treated in a single center in Brazil. | N=80 |
Low Details |
Forest plots |
NCT04329832 Brown SM, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine | Azithromycin | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 13 centers in the USA | N=85 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR2000029308 Cao B, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary |
Mixed | Lopinavir-Ritonavir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in China. | N=199 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR-OPN-200002958 Cao Y, J Allergy Clin Immun, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Ruxolitinib | Vitamin C | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 3 centers in China. | N=43 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04322123 Cavalcanti AB, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 55 centers in Brazil | N=667 |
Some concerns Details |
|
Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin | Standard care | |||||||
Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin | Hydroxychloroquine | |||||||
NCT04390022 Chaccour C, Research square , 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Ivermectin | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) attending the emergency room at a single center in Spain | N=24 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR2000030254 Chen C, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Favipiravir | Umifenovir | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate, Severe/Critical) admitted to 3 center | N=240 |
High Details |
|
NCT04384380 Chen CP, Plos one, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 11 centers in Taiwan | N=33 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04261517 Chen J, Journal of Zhejiang , 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Treatment-naive patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single | N=30 |
High Details |
|
NCT04252274 Chen J, Open Forum Infect Di, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Darunavir/cobicistat | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China | N=30 |
High Details |
|
ChiCTR2000030054 Chen L, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public | Hydroxychloroquine | Chloroquine | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild, moderate) admitted to a single center in China | N=67 |
High Details |
|
Chloroquine | Standard care | |||||||
Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | |||||||
NCT04427501 Chen P, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | LY-CoV555 | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at 41 centers in USA | N=467 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR2000029559 Chen Z, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China. | N=62 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR2000030007 Cheng L, JAMA Intern Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | rhG-CSF | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 3 centers in China | N=200 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04434144 Chowdhury ATMM, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary |
No specific funding | Ivermectin+Doxycycline | Hydroxychloroquine+Azithromycin | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic, mild) treated at a single center in Bangladesh | N=125 |
High Details |
|
EudraCT202000193437 Corral-Gudino L, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Methylprednisolone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a 5 centers in Spain | N=64 |
High Details |
|
RPCEC00000317 Cruz LR, ACS Pharmacol Trans, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | CIGB-325 | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic-severe) admitted to a single center in Cuba | N=20 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04349241 Dabbous HM, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary |
Private | Favipiravir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 2 centers in Egypt | N=100 |
Some concerns Details |
|
IRCT20190727044343N1 Davoodi L, Int J Clin Pract, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Febuxostat | Hydroxychloroquine | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated at a single center in Iran | N=60 |
Some concerns Details |
|
IRCT20100228003449N2 Davoudi-Monfared E, Antimicrob Agents Ch, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Interferon beta-1a | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate to critical) admitted to a single center in Iran. | N=92 |
High Details |
|
NCT04386694 De Marchi T, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Mixed | Photobiomodulation therapy | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil. | N=30 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04326790 Deftereos S, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Colchicine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 16 centers in Greece. | N=110 |
Some concerns Details |
|
RPCEC00000309 Delgado-Enciso I, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Neutral electrolyzed saline | Standard care | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (ambulatory, mild) treated at home in Mexico. | N=84 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT02517489 Dequin P-F, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydrocortisone | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 9 centers in France | N=149 |
Low Details |
|
jRCTs041190120 Doi Y, Antimicrob Agents Ch, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Favipiravir | Favipiravir | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic-mild-moderate) admitted to multiple centers in Japan | N=88 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04244591 Du, unpublished, 2020 |
Public/non profit | Methylprednisolone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to multiple centers in China | N=47 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04355936 Duarte M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Telmisartan | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to 2 centers in Argentina | N=82 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04325893 Dubee V, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 34 centres in France and Monaco. | N=250 |
Low Details |
|
IRCT20200404046947N1 Edalatifard M, Eur Respir J, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Intravenous pulse Methylprednisolone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to two centers in Iran | N=68 |
High Details |
|
NCT04366908 Entrenas Castillo M, J Steroid Biochem Mo, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Calcifediol | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confimed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Spain | N=76 |
Some concerns Details |
|
RPCEC00000307 Esquivel-Moynelo I, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | IFN alpha2b+IFN gamma | Interferon alpha2b | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (ambulatory, mild) admitted to a single center | N=79 |
High Details |
|
IRCT20200406046963N1 Farahani R, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | IVMP Pulse then Prednisolone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Iran | N=29 | N/A | |
new NCT04354259 Feld JJ, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Peginterferon Lambda-1 | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) tested at 6 centers in Canada | N=60 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR2000030262 Fu W, EClinicalMedicine, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Interferon kappa+TFF2 | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China | N=80 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04321278 Furtado RHM, Lancet, 2020 Full text |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin | Hydroxychloroquine | RCT | Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 57 centers in Brazil | N=447 |
Some concerns Details |
|
RBR-8969zg Garcia de Alencar JC, CID, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | N-acetylcysteine | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in Brazil | N=140 | N/A | |
NCT04365127 Ghandehari S, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Private | Progesterone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in the USA. | N=42 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04342182 Gharbharan A, medRxiv, 2020 Full text |
Mixed | Convalescent plasma | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 14 centers in the Netherlands | N=86 |
High Details |
|
IRCT20200501047259N1 Gharebaghi N, BMC Infect Dis., 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Intravenous Immunoglobulin | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Iran | N=59 | N/A | |
NCT04292899 Goldman JD, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Results in clinicaltrials.gov Full text Commentary and Commentary |
Private | Remdesivir 5 days | Remdesivir 10 days | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate to critical) admitted to 55 centers across 5 countries. | N=402 |
Some concerns Details |
Forest plots |
ISRCTN59048638 Gonzalez-Ochoa AJ , medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Private | Sulodexide | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) of a single center in Mexico | N=312 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT02735707 Gordon AC, REMAP-CAP, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Tocilizumab | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 113 centers in Australia, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, UK. | N=826 |
Some concerns Details |
|
Tocilizumab | Sarilumab | |||||||
Sarilumab | Standard care | |||||||
N/A Guvenmez O, J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Lincomycin | Azithromycin | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in Turkey | N=24 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04331808 Hermine O, JAMA Intern Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Tocilizumab | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to nine centers in France | N=131 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04381936 Horby P, Lancet, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Lopinavir-Ritonavir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 163 centers in the UK | N=5040 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04381936 ; ISRCTN 50189673 Horby P, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Azithromycin | Standard care | RCT | Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (mild to critical) admitted to 176 centers in the UK | N=7764 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04381936 RECOVERY Trial Horby P, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Dexamethasone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 (moderate to critical) admitted to 176 centers in the UK | N=6425 |
Some concerns Details |
Forest plot (sub group) |
NCT04381936 Horby P, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 176 centers in the UK | N=4716 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR2000029387 Huang YQ, Front Pharmacol, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Ribavirin+Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha | Ribavarin+Interferon alpha | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to a single center in China | N=101 |
Some concerns Details |
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Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha | Ribavarin+Interferon alpha | |||||||
Ribavirin+Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha | Lopinavir+Ritonavir+Interferon alpha | |||||||
NCT04276688 Hung IF-N, Lancet, 2020 Full text 31042-4.pdf Commentary (20)31101-6 and Commentary |
Public/non profit | LPV/r+RBV+IFN beta1 | Lopinavir-Ritonavir | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to six centers in Hong-Kong | N=127 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04434248 Ivashchenko AA, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Favipiravir 1800/800mg | Favipiravir 1600/600mg | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 6 centers in Russia | N=60 |
Some concerns Details |
Forest plots |
Favipiravir 1600/600mg | Standard care | |||||||
Favipiravir 1800/800mg | Standard care | |||||||
NCT04331899 Jagannathan P, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Peginterferon Lambda-1a | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (asymptomatic, mild) treated at a single center in the USA | N=120 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04401579 Kalil A, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Baricitinib+Remdesivir | Placebo+Remdesivir | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 67 centers in Denmark, Japan, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, UK, USA. | N=1033 |
Low Details |
|
N/A Khamis F, Int J Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Favipiravir+Interferon beta-1b | Hydroxychloroquine | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) treated at a single center in Oman | N=89 |
Some concerns Details |
|
N/A Khan Chachar AZ, Int J Sci, 2020 Full text Commentary |
5.Not reported/unclear | Ivermectin | Standard care | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (symptomatic-mild) treated at a single center in Pakistan | N=50 |
High Details |
|
new CTRI/2020/08/027225 Kirti R, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Ivermectin | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in India | N=115 |
High Details |
|
NCT04381884 Krolewiecki A, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Mixed | Ivermectin | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to 4 centers in Argentina | N=45 |
Some concerns Details |
|
CTRI/2020/05/024959 Kumar S, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Private | Itolizumab | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 4 centers in India | N=32 |
Some concerns Details |
|
new NCT04355728 Lanzoni G, Stem Cells Transl Me, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in USA | N=24 |
Some concerns Details |
|
RBR-949z6v Lemos ACB, Thromb Res, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Therapeutic enoxaparin | Prophylactic anticoagulant | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil | N=20 |
Some concerns Details |
|
NCT04342663 Lenze E, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Fluvoxamine | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (ambulatory, mild) treated at home in USA | N=181 |
Low Details |
|
ChiCTR2000029638 Li C, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Recombinant super-compound interferon | Interferon alpha | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 5 centers in China | N=96 |
Some concerns Details |
|
ChiCTR2000029757 Li L, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Public/non profit | Convalescent plasma | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe to critical) admitted to 7 centers in China. | N=103 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04273763 Li T, Clin Transl Sci , 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Bromhexine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in China | N=18 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04479163 Libster R, NEJM, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Convalescent plasma | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to multiple centers in Argentina | N=160 |
Low Details |
|
EudraCT 2020-001243- Liesenborghs L, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Public/non profit | Itraconazole | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to a single center in Belgium | N=* |
Some concerns Details |
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RBR-8jyhxh Lopes MIF, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Colchicine | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil | N=38 |
Some concerns Details |
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ChiCTR2000029544 Lou Y, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Favipiravir | Baloxavir marboxil | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to a single center in China. | N=30 |
Some concerns Details |
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Baloxavir marboxil | Standard care | |||||||
Favipiravir | Standard care | |||||||
NCT04501978 Lundgren J, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | LY-CoV555 | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 31 centers in Denmark, Singapore and USA | N=326 |
Low Details |
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NCT04316377 Lyngbakken MN, Nature, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in Norway | N=53 |
High Details |
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NCT04523831 Mahmud R, Unpublished, 2020 Full text |
Mixed | Ivermectin+Doxycycline | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in Bangladesh | N=400 |
High Details |
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N/A Maldonado V, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Pentoxifylline | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Mexico | N=54 | N/A | |
RBR-5s2mqg Mansour E, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Icatibant | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Brazil | N=30 |
Some concerns Details |
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C1 Esterase/Kallikrein Inhibitor | Standard care | |||||||
Icatibant | C1 Esterase/Kallikrein Inhibitor | |||||||
NCT04468646 Mehboob R, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Aprepitant+Dexamethasone | Dexamethasone | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to a single center in Pakistan | N=41 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04345614 Miller J, Crit Care, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Auxora | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate) admitted to 3 centers in USA | N=26 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04304053 Mitja O, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Outpatients with COVID-19 (mild) in an ambulatory setting in Spain | N=353 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04385095 ; EudraCT 2020-001023-14 Monk PD, Lancet Respir Med, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary |
Private | Nebulised interferon beta-1a | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to nine centers in the UK | N=101 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04449718 Murai I, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Public/non profit | Cholecalciferol | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 2 centres in Brazil | N=240 |
Some concerns Details |
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IRCT20180725040596N2 Nojomi M, BMC Infect Dis., 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine+Umifenovir | Hydroxychloroquine+Lopinavir+Ritonavir | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Iran | N=100 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04349592 Omrani A (Q-PROTECT), EClinicalMedicine, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine+Azithromycin | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at two centers in Qatar | N=456 |
Low Details |
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Hydroxychloroquine | Placebo | |||||||
Hydroxychloroquine+Azithromycin | Hydroxychloroquine | |||||||
CTRI/2020/05/025013 Padmanabhan U, medRixv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Mixed | Bacille Calmette-Guérin | Placebo | RCT | “Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in India” | N=60 |
Some concerns Details |
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ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Remdesivir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries. | N=5475 |
Low Details |
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ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Interferon beta-1a | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries. | N=4127 |
Low Details |
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ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Lopinavir-Ritonavir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries. | N=2791 |
Low Details |
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ISRCTN83971151; NCT04315948 Pan H, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to 405 centers in 30 countries. | N=1863 |
Low Details |
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NCT04348305 Perner A, unpublished, 2020 |
Mixed | Hydrocortisone | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 19 centers in Denmark. | N=29 |
Low Details |
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N/A Podder C, IMC J Med Sci, 2020 Full text |
No specific funding | Ivermectin | Standard care | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated at a single center in Bangladesh | N=* |
High Details |
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NCT04343729 Prado Jeronimo CM, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Methylprednisolone | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to a single center in Brazil | N=416 |
High Details |
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IRCT20100228003449N2 Rahmani H, Int Immunopharmacol, 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Interferon beta-1b | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Iran | N=80 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04459247 Rastogi A, Postgrad Med J, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
No specific funding | Cholecalciferol | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (symptomatic or asymptomatic mild) admitted to a single center in India | N=40 | N/A | |
CTRI/2020/05/025209 Ray Y, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Public/non profit | Convalescent plasma | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in India | N=80 |
High Details |
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ChiCTR2000029853 Ren Z, Adv Sci, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Azvudine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in China | N=20 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04552483 Rocco PRM, Eur Respir J, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Nitazoxanide | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) treated at 7 centers in Brazil | N=475 |
High Details |
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IRCT20200403046926N1 Roozbeh F, J Antimicrob Chemother, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Sofosbuvir-Daclatasvir | Standard care | RCT | Outpatients with COVID-19 (mild) treated at a single center in Iran | N=60 | N/A | |
NCT04320615 Rosas I, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Tocilizumab | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-critical) admitted to multiple centers across 9 countries | N=452 |
Low Details |
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NCT04501783 Ruzhentsova T, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Private | Favipiravir | Standard care | RCT | Patients (and outpatients) with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) treated at 10 centers in Russia | N=168 |
Some concerns Details |
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IRCT20200128046294N2 Sadeghi A, J Antimicrob Chemoth, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Sofosbuvir+daclatasvir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 4 centers in Iran | N=70 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04411667 Sakoulas G, Crit Care Expl , 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Intravenous Immunoglobulin | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 2 centers in USA. | N=34 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04372186 Salama C, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary |
Private | Tocilizumab | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 65 centers in Brazil, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, and USA | N=388 |
Low Details |
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IRCT20200418047126N1 Salehzadeh F, Research Square, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Colchicine | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to a single center in Iran | N=100 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04346355 Salvarani C, JAMA , 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Tocilizumab | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 24 centers in Italy | N=126 |
Some concerns Details |
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IRCT20200415047092N1 Sekhavati E, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Azithromycin | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 confirmed (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Iran | N=111 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04332991 Self W, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 confirmed (mild-critical) admitted to 34 centers in the USA | N=479 |
Low Details |
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NCT04288102 Shi L, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Public/non profit | Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to two centers in China | N=101 |
Low Details |
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N/A Shogenova LV, Pulmonologiya, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Not reported/unclear | Thermal helium-oxygen mixture | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in Russia | N=60 |
Some concerns Details |
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ChiCTR2000031494 Shu L, Stem Cell Res Ther, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center China | N=41 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04512027; CTRI/2020/09/027833 Sigamani A,, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Prolectin-M | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to a single center in India | N=10 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04383535 Simonovich VA, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Convalescent plasma | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to 12 centers in Argentina | N=334 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04308668 Skipper CP, Ann Intern Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Hydroxychloroquine | Placebo | RCT | Symptomatic, non-hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or probable COVID-19 with high-risk exposure within 4 days of symptom onset. | N=491 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04292730 Spinner CD, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Remdesivir 5 days | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 105 centers in the USA, Europe and Asia | N=596 |
Some concerns Details |
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Remdesivir 10 days | Standard care | |||||||
Remdesivir 5 days | Remdesivir 10 days | |||||||
NCT04356937 Stone JH, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Tocilizumab | Placebo | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to seven centers in USA | N=243 |
Low Details |
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IRCT20151227025726N20 Tabarsi P, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Intravenous Immunoglobulin | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (severe) admitted to a single center in Iran | N=84 |
Some concerns Details |
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ChiCTR2000029868 Tang W, BMJ, 2020 Full text Commentary and Commentary |
Mixed | Hydroxychloroquine | Standard care | RCT | Patients with COVID-19 (mild, moderate and severe) admitted to 16 centers in China | N=150 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04327401 Tomazini BM, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | Dexamethasone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted to 41 centers in Brazil | N=299 |
Some concerns Details |
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CTRI/2020/05/025114 Udwadia Z, Int J Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | Favipiravir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild/moderate) admitted to 7 centers in India | N=150 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04369742 Ulrich RJ, Open Forum Infect Di, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Hydroxychloroquine | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to 5 centers in USA | N=128 |
High Details |
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NCT04325061 Villar J, unpublished, 2020 Unpublished |
Public/non profit | Dexamethasone | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (critical) admitted 14 centers in Spain | N=19 |
Low Details |
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NCT04333420 Vlaar APJ, Lancet , 2020 Full text 30341-6 Commentary |
Private | IFX-1 | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to three centers | N=30 |
Some concerns Details |
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ChiCTR2000029765 Wang D, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Tocilizumab | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to 6 centers in China | N=65 |
High Details |
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ChiCTR2000030058 Wang M, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Leflunomide + Interferon alpha2a | Interferon alpha2a | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild) admitted to a single center China | N=50 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04257656 Wang Y, Lancet, 2020 Full text 31022-9 Commentary |
Mixed | Remdesivir | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe) admitted to ten centers in China. | N=237 |
Some concerns Details |
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NCT04425629 Weinreich DM, N Engl J Med, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Mixed | REGN-COV2 | Placebo | RCT | Outpatients with COVID-19 (symtomatic-mild) treated at 27 centers in USA | N=275 |
Low Details |
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ChiCTR2000030001 Wu X, Engineering, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Triazavirin | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 10 centers in China | N=52 |
Some concerns Details |
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DRKS00022203 Yakoot M, SSRN, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary |
Private | Sofosbuvir+Daclatasvir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-severe) admitted to a single center in Egypt | N=89 |
Some concerns Details |
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N/A Yethindra V, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2020 Full text Commentary |
No specific funding | Umifenovir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in Kyrgyzstan | N=30 |
Some concerns Details |
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ChiCTR2000029431 Yuan, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Tc-MDP | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (unclear severity) admitted to 2 centers in China | N=21 | N/A | |
NCT04252885 Yueping L, CellPress, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Lopinavir + Ritonavir | Standard care | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (mild-moderate) admitted to a single center in China. | N=86 |
Some concerns Details |
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Umifenovir | Lopinavir + Ritonavir | |||||||
Umifenovir | Standard care | |||||||
NCT04264533 Zhang J, Ann. Intensive Care, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Vitamin C | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 3 centers in China | N=56 |
Some concerns Details |
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ChiCTR2000030894, NC Zhao H Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Favipiravir | Favipiravir+Tocilizumab | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-critical) admitted to 4 centers in China | N=26 |
Some concerns Details |
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Tocilizumab | Favipiravir+Tocilizumab | |||||||
Favipiravir | Tocilizumab | |||||||
ChiCTR2000029496 Zheng F, Int J Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Public/non profit | Novaferon | Lopinavir + Ritonavir | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (moderate-severe) admitted to a single center in China. | N=89 |
Some concerns Details |
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Novaferon + Lopinavir + Ritonavir | Lopinavir + Ritonavir | |||||||
Novaferon + Lopinavir + Ritonavir | Novaferon | |||||||
ChiCTR2000029851 Zhong M, medRxiv, 2020 Full text Commentary |
Private | alfa-Lipoic acid | Placebo | RCT | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 (severe-critical) admitted to 1 center in China. | N=17 |
Some concerns Details |
Kemran S M medRxiv, 2020 trial was not included in our data analysis due to unconvincing randamization that was not clarified by authors quote " Randomization rules were designed by Dr. xxx together with principal investigators and implemented by an independent statistician who was not involved in data analysis. Stratified random sampling was applied to stratify all eligible patients according to age, gender and comorbidities. Computerized random number generator was used and allocation was done in 2:1 sequence. Cards with each group assignment number randomly generated by computer were placed in sequentially numbered envelopes that were opened as the patients were enrolled".