| Outcome |
Relative effect
(95% CI) |
Absolute effect
(95% CI)1 |
Certainty of the Evidence
(GRADE) |
Clinical improvement
D28 |
RR: 1.07
(0.92 - 1.24) |
55 more per 1000
(from 63 fewer to 190 more)
|
Low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention, missing data, outcome measurement and selection of the reported results Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Not serious
Imprecision: Serious
due to low number of participants/events
|
| 2 trials
Zhuravel SV, 2021; Quinn TM, 2022
148 participants
|
|
Nafamostat
847 per 1,000
(728 - 982) |
Standard care
792
per 1,000 |
|
Clinical improvement
D60 |
RR: 0.91
(0.69 - 1.20) |
77 fewer per 1000
(from 266 fewer to 171 more)
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention, and outcome measurement Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Serious
despite a multicentre design this is a single study from a single country, therefore results in this population might not be generalizable to other settings. Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for no effect and the possibility for harm and low number of participants
|
| 1 trials
Quinn TM, 2022
44 participants
|
|
Nafamostat
780 per 1,000
(591 - 1000) |
Standard care
857
per 1,000 |
|
WHO progression score (level 7 or above)
D28 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
WHO progression score (level 7 or above)
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
All-cause mortality
D28 |
RR: 0.59
(0.17 - 2.02) |
40 fewer per 1000
(from 81 fewer to 99 more)
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention, and missing data Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Not serious
Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for benefit and the possibility for harm
|
| 2 trials
Zhuravel SV, 2021; Quinn TM, 2022
148 participants
|
|
Nafamostat
57 per 1,000
(17 - 196) |
Standard care
97
per 1,000 |
|
All-cause mortality
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Viral negative conversion
D7 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Adverse events
|
RR: 1.43
(1.03 - 1.97) |
167 more per 1000
(from 12 more to 377 more)
|
Low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention, missin data, outcome measurement and selection of the reported results Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Not serious Imprecision: Serious
due to low number of participants/events
|
| 2 trials
Zhuravel SV, 2021; Quinn TM, 2022
148 participants
|
|
Nafamostat
556 per 1,000
(401 - 766) |
Standard care
389
per 1,000 |
|
Serious adverse events
|
RR: 0.24
(0.03 - 2.08) |
42 fewer per 1000
(from 54 fewer to 60 more)
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regardin deviation from intended intervention, outcome measurement and selection of the reported results Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Not serious Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for benefit and the possibility for harm
|
| 2 trials
Zhuravel SV, 2021; Quinn TM, 2022
148 participants
|
|
Nafamostat
13 per 1,000
(2 - 116) |
Standard care
56
per 1,000 |
|
1The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI)
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect
