| Outcome |
Relative effect
(95% CI) |
Absolute effect
(95% CI)1 |
Certainty of the Evidence
(GRADE) |
Clinical improvement
D28 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Clinical improvement
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
WHO progression score (level 7 or above)
D28 |
RR: 5.14
(0.26 - 103.35) |
Absolute effects were not calculated due to zero events in the control group
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level:some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention and selection of reported results Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Serious
single study from a single institution therefore results in this population might not be generalizable to other settings Imprecision: Serious
due to low number of participants/events
|
| 1 trials
Yueping L, 2020
69 participants
|
|
Lopinavir + Ritonavir
0 per 1,000
( - ) |
Umifenovir
0
per 1,000 |
|
WHO progression score (level 7 or above)
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
All-cause mortality
D28 |
RR: 2.00
(0.19 - 21.36) |
12 more per 1000
(from 10 fewer to 240 more)
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention and selection of resported results Inconsistency: Not serious
Indirectness: Not serious Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for benefit and the possibility for harm
|
| 2 trials
Yueping L, 2020; Nojomi M, 2020
169 participants
|
|
Lopinavir + Ritonavir
24 per 1,000
(2 - 251) |
Umifenovir
12
per 1,000 |
|
All-cause mortality
D60 |
Outcome not yet measured or reported
|
|
Viral negative conversion
D7 |
RR: 0.95
(0.51 - 1.78) |
19 fewer per 1000
(from 182 fewer to 290 more)
|
Very low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Not serious Inconsistency: Not serious Indirectness: Serious
study from a single institution, therefore results in this population might not be generalizable to other settings Imprecision: Very serious
due to very wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for benefit and the possibility for harm
|
| 1 trials
Yueping L, 2020
69 participants
|
|
Lopinavir + Ritonavir
353 per 1,000
(189 - 661) |
Umifenovir
371
per 1,000 |
1 additional study was identified that assessed this outcome, but no results were reported. |
Adverse events
|
RR: 2.96
(1.42 - 6.18) |
184 more per 1000
(from 40 more to 488 more)
|
Low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concerns regarding deviation from intended intervention, outcome measurement and selection of reported results Inconsistency: Not serious
Indirectness: Not serious
We presume that the adverse event rates, and the corresponding relative risks, is similar across diverse settings; therefore not downgraded for indirectness Imprecision: Serious
due to wide confidence interval consistent with the possibility for no effect/trivial effect and the possibility for harm
|
| 2 trials
Yueping L, 2020; Nojomi M, 2020
169 participants
|
|
Lopinavir + Ritonavir
279 per 1,000
(134 - 582) |
Umifenovir
94
per 1,000 |
|
Serious adverse events
|
RR: 3.09
(0.13 - 73.21) |
Absolute effects were not calculated due to zero events in the control group
|
Low certainty
Reasons to downgrade
Risk of bias: Serious
Risk of bias downgraded by 1 level: some concern regarding deviation from intended intervention and selection of reported results Inconsistency: Not serious
Indirectness: Not serious
We presume that the adverse event rates, and the corresponding relative risks, is similar across diverse settings; therefore not downgraded for indirectness Imprecision: Serious
due to low number of participants/events
|
| 1 trials
Yueping L, 2020
69 participants
|
|
Lopinavir + Ritonavir
0 per 1,000
( - ) |
Umifenovir
0
per 1,000 |
|
1The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI)
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect
