Covid-19 living Data

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)

Methods

Protocol

Analyses are updated every two weeks

meta-COVID

Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data, create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

Vaccine types

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs placebo / no vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety against variants of concern (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heterologous vs homologous vaccination (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	3,706 (96)	2,698 (94)	1.37 [1.10, 1.72]	ELISA
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	28	Adults	2,690 (103)	3,995 (97)	0.67 [0.55, 0.82]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	942 (51)	154 (50)	6.11 [3.90, 9.57]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	112 (20)	77 (20)	1.28 [1.09, 1.51]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 3week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	84 (17)	77 (20)	0.95 [0.80, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	74 (19)	77 (20)	1.10 [0.94, 1.30]	ELISA

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	523 (96)	396 (94)	1.31 [1.02, 1.69]	CPE (cytopathic effect)-based virus neutralization test (VNT)
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	54 (51)	13 (50)	4.3 [2.5, 7.3]	CPE-based microneutralization assay-wild-type
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	14	Elderly	71 (47)	9 (46)	7.6 [4.1, 14.1]	Microneutralization assay

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
								A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Macchia A, 2022	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	1	Adults	0 / 87	0 / 65	NR
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	1 / 179	3 / 180	0.34 [0.04 - 3.19]
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	3 / 181	3 / 180	0.99 [0.2 - 4.86]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 180	2 / 175	1.46 [0.25 - 8.62]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 177	2 / 175	1.48 [0.25 - 8.77]
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	0.9	Adults	0 / 102	0 / 101	NR
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	0.9	Adults	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 51	0 / 50	NR
Liu X, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses ChAdOx1	8.3	Adults	2 / 114	1 / 115	2.02 [0.19 - 21.94]
Liu X, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1	2 doses BNT162b2	8.3	Adults	2 / 115	1 / 119	2.07 [0.19 - 22.51]
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 50	2 / 50	0.5 [0.05 - 5.33]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster vs no booster (tables)

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	Vaccine efficacy [95% CI]	Risk of bias
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	*	Adults	0 / 13828	6 / 12486	100.0 [*, 100]

Efficacy
Severe or critical COVID-19 after complete vaccination
Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 after complete vaccination

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	VE [95% CI]
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	6 / 4695	123 / 4671	95.3 [89.5, 98.3]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	38 / 4935	72 / 4934	47.8 [22.6, 64.7]
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	*	Adults	6 / 13828	35 / 12486	92.0 [80.4, 96.7]

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Hall VG, 2021	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost mRNA-1273	Placebo	28	Transplant recipients	3,145 (60)	86 (57)	36.5 [ 12.9, 94]	Roche Elecsys
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	7,013 (80)	4,294 (87)	1.56 [1.06, 2.28]	ELISA
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	4,379 (112)	107 (105)	40,92 [23,33, 71,78]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	403 (106)	107 (105)	3,76 [2,11, 6,69]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,671 (111)	107 (105)	24,96 [14,11, 44,14]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG

Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2; N1GMR: Geometric mean ratio

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,019 (91)	175 (98)	12.04 [9.95, 14.58]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	487 (91)	175 (98)	2.57 [2.13, 3.12]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,339 (92)	175 (98)	6.91 [5.70, 8.37]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	950 (98)	157 (111)	6.01 [4.87, 7.41]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	766 (94)	157 (111)	5.39 [4.35, 6.67]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	606 (89)	157 (111)	3.50 [2.81, 4.36]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,789 (95)	205 (93)	8.35 [6.88, 10.14]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	289 (91)	205 (93)	1.38 [1.14, 1.68]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	234 (87)	205 (93)	1.22 [1.00, 1.49]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,441 (75)	205 (93)	7.84 [6.37, 9.64]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,368 (97)	80 (101)	26.98 [21.88, 33.26]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	373 (99)	80 (101)	5.06 [4.11, 6.23]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,344 (103)	80 (101)	15.14 [12.32, 18.60]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	193 (98)	85 (90)	2.47 [1.96, 3.11]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	727 (87)	85 (90)	8.86 [7.00, 11.22]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	470 (86)	85 (90)	5.89 [4.64, 7.46]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,621 (93)	70 (91)	21.58 [16.93, 27.51]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	202 (89)	70 (91)	2.68 [2.10, 3.43]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	147 (95)	70 (91)	2.01 [1.57, 2.55]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	563 (95)	70 (91)	6.85 [5.37, 8.73]	PNA
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	14	Healthy adults	1,453 (199)	157 (221)	NR	Live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay.
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	746 (80)	101 (87)	7.41 [2.96, 18.51]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,007 (54)	73 (54)	27.49 [15.23, 49.60]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	235 (50)	73 (54)	3.21 [1.74, 5.93]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	1,446 (53)	73 (54)	19.80 [10.66, 36.79]	PRNT

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	16 / 5055	24 / 5020	0.66 [0.35 - 1.24]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 106	0 / 112	3.17 [0.13 - 76.94]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 109	1 / 118	0.36 [0.01 - 8.76]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 114	1 / 118	1.04 [0.07 - 16.35]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2 / 112	1 / 118	2.11 [0.19 - 22.91]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 109	0 / 109	3 [0.12 - 72.84]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 110	0 / 109	2.97 [0.12 - 72.18]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 112	0 / 114	3.05 [0.13 - 74.16]
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 119	0 / 114	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 116	0 / 114	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 111	0 / 109	2.95 [0.12 - 71.54]
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 115	0 / 109	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 108	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	1 / 105	0.33 [0.01 - 8.01]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	3 / 109	1 / 105	2.89 [0.31 - 27.34]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 111	1 / 105	0.32 [0.01 - 7.66]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 108	1 / 105	0.97 [0.06 - 15.34]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	NR	Healthy adults	6 / 5108	8 / 5110	0.75 [0.26 - 2.16]
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 112	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 111	0 / 105	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	2.7	Adults	1 / 14677	3 / 14675	0.33 [0.03 - 3.2]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	5.4	Adults	11 / 13883	24 / 14303	0.47 [0.23 - 0.96]
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	0 / 5055	1 / 5020	0.33 [0.01 - 8.12]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	0 / 5108	0 / 5110	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster VS booster (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	674,267 (333)	48,405 (281)	13.4 [11.6, 15.3]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	335,213 (296)	48,405 (281)	7.0 [6.1, 8.1]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	336,851 (294)	48,405 (281)	6.7 [5.8, 7.7]	multiplex immunoassay
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	48,465 (101)	55,215 (101)	0.87 [0.72, 1.06]	ELISA
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	1,975 (209)	1,664 (209)	1.19 [1.07, 1.31]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	3,090 (96)	369 (102)	8.37 [6.52, 10.75]	ELISA
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	10,417 (81)	7,496 (40)	*1.38 [, ]*	ELISA
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	6,175 (140)	670 (140)	9.21 [6.87, 12.35]	ELISA
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	4,625 (140)	670 (140)	6.9 [5.01, 9.50]	ELISA
Nantanee R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2 (half dose)	Boost BNT162b2	14	Healthy adults	2,330 (50)	2,575 (50)	0.90 [0.77, 1.06]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	*	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 15mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (18)	2,828 (17)	0.91 [0.73, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	*	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 10mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (17)	2,828 (17)	0.73 [0.58, 0.91]	ELISA

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	4,326 (49)	211 (46)	21.5 [14.5, 31.9]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	2,137 (52)	211 (46)	10.6 [7.2, 15.6]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	1,844 (47)	211 (46)	8.7 [5.9, 12.9]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	14	Adults	128 (101)	139 (101)	0.94 [0.76, 1.09]	Cytopathic effect-based virus neutralization test
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	96 (207)	97 (203)	0.99 [0.97, 1.01]	Virus neutralization test (sVNT)
Mok C K P, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	30	Adults	17 (40)	207 (40)	NR	PRNT90
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	197 (96)	34 (102)	5.9 [4.5, 7.7]	Cytopathic effect-based microneutralization assay- wild-type SARS-CoV-2
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	1,306 (81)	794 (40)	1.64 [1.09, 2.46]	CPE
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	14	Adults	1,335 (267)	296 (270)	4.36 [3.70, 5.13]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	14	Adults	1,813 (279)	328 (290)	5.75 [4.99, 6.63]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	14	Adults	1,907 (281)	449 (285)	4.38 [3.73, 5.15]	Live-virus neutralizationn
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	28	Healthy adults	43 (55)	33 (51)	1.29 [0.81, 2.06]	Conventional virus neutralization test
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	714 (140)	79 (140)	9.09 [5.65, 14.63]	CPE-based microneutralisation
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	744 (140)	79 (140)	9.48 [6.09, 14.76]	CPE-based microneutralisation
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	14	Elderly	286 (98)	48 (100)	6.2 [4.7, 8.1]	Microneutralization assay
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	28	Healthcare workers	524 (83)	657 (85)	2.39 [1.99, 2.86]	ELISA
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	28	Healthcare workers	524 (83)	709 (85)	2.39 [1.99, 2.86]	ELISA
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	28	Healthcare workers	524 (83)	219 (85)	2.39 [1.99, 2.86]	ELISA
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	14	Healthy adults	1,999 (500)	3,358 (241)	1.68 [1.44, 1.96]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Beta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	19,760 (198)	20,969 (97)	0.91 [0.72, 1.14]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Delta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	24,337 (99)	20,969 (97)	1.17 [0.9, 1.52]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	26,125 (96)	20,969 (97)	1.2 [0.92, 1.57]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	19,167 (96)	20,969 (97)	0.85 [0.65, 1.1]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Bruminhent J, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac (3–5 weeks apart) or followed by 1 dose of ChAdOx1 or 2 doses of ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost ChAdOx1	0.2	Kidney transplant recipients	0 / 40	0 / 37	NR
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 30	0 / 30	NR
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 31	0 / 30	NR
Poh XY, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	0 / 48	0 / 50	NR
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	1	Kidney transplant recipients	2 / 99	3 / 99	0.67 [0.11 - 3.9]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 339	0 / 291	2.58 [0.11 - 62.99]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 304	0 / 291	2.87 [0.12 - 70.22]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	3 / 305	0 / 291	6.68 [0.35 - 128.75]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	NR	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 96	0 / 102	NR
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	6	Healthy adults	0 / 137	1 / 137	0.33 [0.01 - 8.11]
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	6	Healthy adults	2 / 139	1 / 137	1.97 [0.18 - 21.49]
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	1 / 29	0 / 29	3 [0.13 - 70.59]
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 99	0 / 100	3.03 [0.12 - 73.49]
Munro APS, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	1 / 39	0 / 39	3 [0.13 - 71.37]
Munro APS, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	2 / 44	0 / 44	5 [0.25 - 101.12]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	3	Kidney transplant recipients	4 / 99	4 / 99	1 [0.26 - 3.88]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	*	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	1	Healthy adults	0 / 58	0 / 55	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 29	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	3.2	Healthy adults	0 / 513	0 / 252	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Trials reports under extraction

In addition to the below included trials, we have included and presently extracting 24 new vaccine randomized trials

Description of primary studies

In this table, we report the main characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates from RCTs identified, in addition to the overall risk of bias assessment.

As of January 2022, we will extract and present results of early phase trials only when the dose has been selected. Results from phase 1-2 studies are included in forest plots for the chosen vaccine dose and schedule only.

Search studies

Your research ==> Vaccine name: 1273

Trial	Type	Comparisons		Design	Participants	Sample size	Overall risk of bias Highest assessment	Full description
		Intervention 1	Intervention 2
NCT04649151 ModernaTX Ali K, N Engl J Med, 2021 Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Placebo	RCT Phase 2-3	Healthy adolescents in 26 centers in the USA	N=3732	Some concerns Details	Full description
EudraCT 2021-002348-57 Pfizer-BioNTech; Moderna; Oxford-AstraZeneca Bonelli M, Ann Rheum Dis , 2022 Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	Boost ChAdOx1/prime vaccination BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273/prime vaccination BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	RCT 2	Adults under current rituximab therapy who did not develop humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 after their standard vaccination with Biontech/Pfizer or Moderna in a single center in Austria	N=60	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05289037 Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID); ModernaTX Branche A, medRxiv, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	2ndboost mRNA-1273Omicron + mRNA-1273Beta 2ndboost mRNA-1273Omicron + mRNA-1273 Delta 2ndboost mRNA-1273Omicron + mRNA-1273 2ndboost mRNA-1273 Omicron	2ndboost mRNA-1273	RCT Phase 2	Adults with completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous, and in stable health at 22 centers in USA.	N=602	Some concerns Details	Full description
TCTR20211102003 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd; Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); AstraZeneca + University of Oxford Bruminhent J, Am J Transplant, 2022 Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost ChAdOx1	RCT Phase 3	Adult kidney transplant recipients without a history of COVID-19 in a single centre in Thailand.	N=85	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05132855 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma; Moderna;Medigen Vaccine Biologics+Dynavax+NIAID Chuang C-H, medRxiv, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	Heterologous booster	ChadOx1/boostBNT ChadOx1/boostBNT ChadOx1/boostBNT	ChadOx1/boostmRNA-1273 (half dose) ChadOx1/boostm1273 ChadOx1/boost MVC-COV1901	RCT 1-2	Health care worker with no history of COVID-19 who had received 2 prime doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in a single centre in Taiwan.	N=340	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04796896 ModernaTX Creech CB, N Engl J Med, 2022 KidCOVE Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273 (50 mcg D0/28)	Placebo	RCT Phase 2-3	Children aged 6-11 years, healthy or with stable chronic conditions and no known recent history of COVID-19 infection, at 87 centers in Canada and USA.	N=4016	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04470427 ModernaTX El Sahly H, N Engl J Med, 2021 COVE Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273 100 mcg D1/28	Placebo D1/28	RCT Phase 3	Healthy adults with no known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 99 centers in the US	N=30415	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04885907 ModernaTX Hall VG, N Engl J Med, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Placebo	RCT Phase 4	Solid organ transplant recipients with no previous diagnosis of COVID-19 who has previously received two doses of mRNA-1273 at a single center in Canada	N=120	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04900467; EudraCT: 2021-002174-52 Moderna;Pfizer/BioNTech Janssen C, EClinicalMedicine, 2022 Full text Full text Commentary	Heterologous vaccination scheme	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273 1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses BNT162b2 2 doses mRNA-1273	RCT Phase 2	Adults with no known or suspected history of SARS-CoV-2 infection at 17 centers in France.	N=414	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04962906; NCT05027672 Gamaleya Research Institute, AstraZeneca+University of Oxford;Moderna;Sinopharm Macchia A, Lancet Reg Health Am, 2022 Full text Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	RCT Phase 2	Adults who had received the first dose (rAd26) of the Sputnik V vaccine at least 30 days earlier and no history of SARS-CoV-2 at a single centre in Argentina	N=540	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04677660 ModernaTX Masuda T, Vaccine, 2022 a Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Placebo	RCT Phase 1-2	Healthy adults aged ≥ 20 years with no known history/risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection at 2 centers in Japan.	N=200	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN73765130 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Janssen Pharmaceutical; Novovax; Moderna + NIAID; Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; CureVac AG; Valneva, NIHR, UK Munro A, Lancet, 2021 f COV-BOOST Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	BNT162b2/boost mRNA1273 BNT162b2/boost CVnCov BNT162b2/boost BNT162b2 half dose	BNT162b2/Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Adults aged ≥30 years in good physical health at 18 centers in the UK.	N=439	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN73765130 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Janssen Pharmaceutical; Novovax; Moderna + NIAID; Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; CureVac AG; Valneva, NIHR, UK Munro A, Lancet, 2021 d COV-BOOST Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2/boost BNT162b2 BNT162b2/boost VLA2001 BNT162b2/boost VLA2001 half dose BNT162b2/boost Ad26.COV2.S	BNT162b2/Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Adults aged ≥30 years in good physical health at 18 centers in the UK.	N=545	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN73765130 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Janssen Pharmaceutical; Novovax; Moderna + NIAID; Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; CureVac AG; Valneva, NIHR, UK Munro A , Lancet, 2021 a COV-BOOST Full text Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1/boost ChadOx1 ChadOx1/boost Novavax ChadOx1/boost Novavax half dose	ChadOx1/Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Adults aged ≥30 years in good physical health at 18 centers in the UK.	N=443	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN73765130 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Janssen Pharmaceutical; Novovax; Moderna + NIAID; Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; CureVac AG; Valneva, NIHR, UK Munro A, Lancet, 2021 b COV-BOOST Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	BNT162b2/ boost ChAdOx1 BNT162b2/boost Novavax BNT162b2/boost Novavax half dose	BNT162b2/ Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Adults aged ≥30 years in good physical health at 18 centers in the UK.	N=453	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN73765130 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Janssen Pharmaceutical; Novovax; Moderna + NIAID; Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; CureVac AG; Valneva, NIHR, UK Munro A, Lancet, 2021 e COV-BOOST Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	ChadOx1/boost mRNA1273 ChadOx1/boost CVnCov ChadOx1/boost BNT162b2 half dose	ChadOx1/Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Adults aged ≥30 years in good physical health at 18 centers in the UK.	N=462	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN73765130 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Janssen Pharmaceutical; Novovax; Moderna + NIAID; Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; CureVac AG; Valneva, NIHR, UK Munro A, Lancet, 2021 c COV-BOOST Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	ChadOx1/boost BNT162b2 ChadOx1/boost VLA2001 ChadOx1/boost VLA2001 half dose ChadOx1/boost Ad26.COV2.S	ChadOx1/Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Adults aged ≥30 years in good physical health at 18 centers in the UK.	N=541	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN73765130 ; EudraCT 2021-002175-19 Pfizer/BioNTech;ModernaTX Munro APS, Lancet Infect Dis, 2022 COV-BOOST Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 + 2 booster doses BNT162b2 ChadOx1 + boost 2 doses BNT162b2	BNT162b2 + booster dose BNT162b2+ 2nd booster half mRNA-1273 ChadOx1 + boost 1 dose BNT162b2+ half dose m-RNA 1273	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults aged 30 years or over, including elderly and those with well controlled or mild-moderate comorbidity, who had received a 2-dose primary schedule of either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 and a BNT162b2 booster at 18 centers in the UK	N=166	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05142319 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma; ModernaTX Poh XY, Clin. Infect. Dis., 2022 PRIBIVAC Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	Boost mRNA-1273 after prime vaccination with BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 after prime vaccination with BNT162b2	RCT 3	Adults at a single center in Singapore with no previous history of COVID-19 who had received a primary series of BTN162b2 at least 6 months previously	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
EudraCT021-002927-39 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma/Moderna/Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies Reindl-Schwaighofer R, JAMA, 2021 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2/homologous booster	mRNAorBNT/Ad26COVS1 booster	RCT Phase 2	Adult kidney transplant recipients with no history of COVID-19 infection and without an antibody response 4 weeks after a 2-dose mRNA vaccine schedule at a single center in Austria.	N=201	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04927936 Janssen Pharmaceutical;Moderna ;Pfizer/BionTech+Fosun Pharma Sablerolles R, N Engl J Med, 2022 Updated Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S/m-RNA-1273 Ad26.COV2.S/Ad26.COV2.S Ad26.COV2.S/BNT162b2	Ad26.COV2.S/No boost	RCT Phase 3	Healthcare workers aged 18-65 years, without severe comorbidities, and no known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection who received a single Ad26.COV2.S primary vaccination at 4 centers in the Netherlands.	N=461	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04805125 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma; ModernaTX Speich B, Clin Infect Dis, 2022 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	mRNA-1273	RCT Phase 3	Adult patients living with HIV (PLWH) or solid organ transplant recipients who were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free for the last 3 months in 3 centres in Switzerland.	N=430	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN27841311; EudraCT 2021-001275-16 Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma / Novavax / Moderna + NIAID Stuart A, Lancet, 2021 b Com-COV2 Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373 1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	RCT Phase 2	Adults over 50 years previously vaccinated with one dose of BNT162b2 at 9 centres in the UK	N=532	Some concerns Details	Full description
ISRCTN27841311; EudraCT 2021-001275-16 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford / Novavax / Moderna + NIAID Stuart A, Lancet, 2021 a Com-COV2 Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373 1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses ChAdOx1	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults over 50 years previously vaccinated with one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in 9 centres in the UK	N=540	Some concerns Details	Full description

Al Kaabi N, medrxiv, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of a broad-spectrum mosaic vaccine as a booster dose against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other circulating variants
Al Kaabi N, Nat Commun, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of a hybrid-type vaccine booster in BBIBP-CorV recipients: a randomized controlled phase 2 trial
Anderson E, Research Square, 2022	Safety and Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine An Interim Analysis
Anez G, medrxiv, 2022	Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 in Adolescents in PREVENT-19: a Randomized, Phase 3 Trial
Bánki Z, EBioMedicine, 2022	Heterologous ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 vaccination induces stronger immune response than homologous ChAdOx1 vaccination: The pragmatic, multi-center, three-arm, partially randomized HEVACC trial.
Chen CJ, Nat Commun, 2022	A randomized controlled trial of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and recombinant subunit vaccine MVC-COV1901 against COVID-19
Corominas J, medRxiv, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of the protein-based PHH-IV compared to BNT162b2 as a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine in adults vaccinated against COVID-19: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority phase IIb trial.
Fadlyana E, SSRN, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety in Healthy Adults of Full-Dose Versus Half Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S or BNT162b2) or Full-Dose CoronaVac Administered as a Booster Dose after Priming with Coronavac: A Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Contr
Huang LM, Research Square, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine MVC-COV1901 in Taiwanese adolescents: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
Kulkarni PS, SSRN, 2022	Safety and Immunogenicity of SII-NVX-CoV2373 (COVID-19 Vaccine) In Adults in a Phase 2/3, Observer-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Study
Kundro MA, Public Health Pract (Oxf), 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous COVID-19 vaccine regimens to deal with product shortage: a randomised clinical trial in an elderly population
LAUNAY O, medrxiv, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety of Beta Adjuvanted Recombinant Booster Vaccine
Leung N H L, medrxiv, 2022	Homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2: a randomized trial (the Cobovax study)
Lien CE, SSRN, 2022	A Phase I, Prospective, Randomized, Open-Labeled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Booster Dose with MVC-COV1901 or MVC-COV1901(Beta) SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adults
Madhi, Lancet HIV, 2022	Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine in people living with and without HIV-1 infection: a randomised, controlled, phase 2A/2B trial
Mrak D, Nat Commun, 2022	Heterologous vector versus homologous mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccination in non-seroconverted immunosuppressed patients: a randomized controlled trial.
Niyomnaitham S, Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2022	Immunogenicity and reactogenicity against the SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous primary series involving CoronaVac, ChAdox1 nCov-19 and BNT162b2 plus BNT162b2 booster vaccination: An open-label randomized study in healthy Thai adul
Puthanakit T; Vaccine: X; 2022	Heterologous Prime-boost of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine and mRNA BNT162b2 among Healthy Thai Adolescents.
Rose W, SSRN, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety of Homologous and Heterologous Booster Vaccination of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELDTM) and BBV152 (COVAXINÂ®) in Previous Recipients of COVISHIELDTM or COVAXINÂ®: A Phase 4, Participant and Observer Blinded, Randomis
Sung JC, Vaccines, 2022	Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Bacillus subtilis Spores as a Heterologous Antibody Booster for COVID-19 Vaccines.
Tabarsi P, Clin Microbiol Infect, 2022	Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG55.2-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine: a Phase 3 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Tabarsi P, CMI, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of SpikoGen®, an advax-cpg55.2-adjuvanted sars-cov-2 spike protein vaccine: a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial in both seropositive and seronegative populations.
Tabarsi P, Immunology, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety of SpikoGenÂ®, an Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein vaccine as a Homologous and Heterologous Booster Vaccination: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Zhang Y, EClinicalMedicine, 2022	Immunogenicity, durability, and safety of an mRNA and three platform-based COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose following two doses of CoronaVac in China: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness(Randomized evidence)

Methods

meta-COVID

Vaccine types

Trials reports under extraction

Description of primary studies

Search studies

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)