COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)

Methods

Protocol

Latest news:Last search date July 30, 2023. No further screening is planned after this date. Extraction is ongoing for all pending studies.

  • Results of booster studies are available in the tables below and are updated on a monthly basis.
  • As of December 14, 2022, the COVID-NMA revised its protocol and discontinued the inclusion of prime vaccination trials in its analysis. The analysis presented on this page for prime vaccines compared to placebo or other vaccines includes trials that were identified and included up to December 14, 2022. A list of studies that were eligible up to this date but not extracted is provided in detail here .
  • The vaccine review "Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines" included 41 preprints and published trials of 12 different COVID-19 used as prime vaccination and that were published before 5 November 2021.

    meta-COVID

    Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data for prime vaccination (last search date 14/12/2022), create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

    go to metacovid

    COVID-19 BOOSTER DOSE VACCINATION: updated daily

    Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of:

    First Boost

    • 1st booster VS no booster (tables)
    • 1st booster VS 1st booster (tables)

    Second Boost

    • 2nd booster VS 1st booster (tables)
    • 2nd booster VS 2nd booster (tables)

    COVID-19 PRIME VACCINATION: Last search date December 14, 2022.

    Click here to see Covid-19 prime vaccination studies

    Trials reports under extraction

    In addition to the below included trials, we have included and presently extracting 12 new vaccine randomized trials

    Description of primary studies

    In this table, we report the main characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates from RCTs identified, in addition to the overall risk of bias assessment.

    For prime vaccination, early phase trials were extracted only when the dose has been selected. Results from phase 1-2 studies are included in forest plots for the chosen vaccine dose and schedule only. List of early phases included but not extracted are detailed on here .

    Search studies

    Search by Vaccine name Author Registration number
    Trial Type Comparisons Design Participants Sample size Overall risk
    of bias
    Highest assessment
    Full description
    Intervention 1 Intervention 2
    NCT04400838 ; ISRCTN
    University of Oxford/AstraZeneca
    Ramasamy MN, Lancet, 2020

    Full text
    Commentary
    (20)32481-8/fulltext ; Commentary
    ; Commentary
    Non replicating viral vector

    Non replicating viral vector ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine - 2·2 × 10¹? vp x 2 doses on day 0/28

    Non replicating viral vector ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine - 2·2 × 10¹? vp x 2 doses on day 0/28

    RCT
    Phase 2/3
    Healthy adults in two centres in the UK N= NR N/A

    Full description

    NCT04651790
    Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd
    Abarca K, medRxiv, 2022

    Full text
    Commentary
    Commentary
    Commentary
    Inactivated virus

    CoronaVac

    Coronavac D0/28

    RCT
    Phase 3
    Healthy adults including health care workers with no history of confirmed symptomatic SARS CoV-2 infection at eight centres in Chile N= 2302
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    jRCT2051210164
    VLP Therapeutics Japan; Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma
    Akahata W , SSRN, 2023 b

    Full text
    Full text
    Commentary
    Commentary
    saRNA based vaccine

    BNT162b2/Boost VLPCOV-01 0.3 mcg

    BNT162b2/Boost VLPCOV-01 1 mcg

    BNT162b2/Boost VLPCOV-01 3 mcg

    BNT162b2/boostBNT

    RCT
    Phase 1
    Healthy adults, ≥65 years years of age, SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in Japan. N= 46
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    jRCT2051210164
    VLP Therapeutics Japan; Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma
    Akahata W, SSRN, 2023 a

    Full text
    Full text
    Commentary
    Commentary
    saRNA based vaccine

    BNT162b2/Boost VLPCOV-01 0.3 mcg

    BNT162b2/Boost VLPCOV-01 1 mcg

    BNT162b2/Boost VLPCOV-01 3 mcg

    BNT162b2/boostBNT

    RCT
    Phase 1
    Healthy adults, 18 to 55 years of age, SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in Japan. N= 46
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    NCT04510207, ChiCTR2000034780
    Sinopharm-Beijing
    Al Kaabi N, JAMA, 2021

    Full text
    Commentary
    Commentary
    Inactivated virus

    BBIBP-CorV

    Adjuvant

    RCT
    Phase 3
    Healthy adults free of known COVID-19 or HIV infection at 3 centres in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain N= 40411
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    NCT04510207
    Sinopharm
    Al Kaabi N, Vaccines, 2023

    Full text
    Commentary
    Inactivated virus

    BBIBP-CorV/Boost BBIBP-CorV

    WIBP-CorV/Boost WIBP-CorV

    Placebo/Boost placebo

    RCT
    Phase 3
    Healthy volunteers with no history of SARS-CoV-2 in a single center in United Arab Emirates N= 9370
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    NCT05293548
    National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China, Beijing Zhong Sheng Heng Pharmaceutical Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products; Sinopharm-Beijing
    Al Kaabi N, Signal Transduct Ther, 2023

    Full text
    Commentary
    Commentary
    Protein subunit

    BBIBP-CorV/Boost NVSI-06-09

    BBIBP-CorV/Boost BBIBP-CorV

    RCT
    Phase 2
    Healthy adults previously vaccinated with two or three doses of BBIBP-CorV at least 6 months prior to enrollment at a single center in United Arab Emirates N= 516
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    NCT05069129
    Sinopharm-Beijing/ National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China
    Al Kaabi N, Nat Commun, 2022 b

    Full text
    Commentary
    Commentary
    Heterologous booster

    BBIBP-CorV/boostNVSI-06-08 4-6m

    BBIBP-CorV/boostNVSI-06-08 7-9m

    BBIBP-CorV/boostNVSI-06-08 >9m

    BBIBP-CorV/boostBBIBP-CorV 4-6 months

    BBIBP-CorV/boostBBIBP-CorV 7-9m

    BBIBP-CorV/boostBBIBP-CorV >9m

    RCT
    Phase 2
    Healthy adults that were HIV-negative and with no previous history of COVID-19 in a single centre in the United Arab Emirates. N= 1833
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    NCT04510207, ChiCTR2000034780
    Sinopharm-Wuhan
    Al Kaabi N, JAMA, 2021

    Full text
    Commentary
    Commentary
    Inactivated virus

    WIBP-CorV

    Adjuvant

    RCT
    Phase 3
    Healthy adults free of known COVID-19 or HIV infection at 3 centres in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain N= 40411
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description

    NCT04649151
    ModernaTX
    Ali K, N Engl J Med, 2021

    Full text
    Commentary
    RNA based vaccine

    mRNA-1273

    Placebo

    RCT
    Phase 2-3
    Healthy adolescents in 26 centers in the USA N= 3732
    Some concerns
    Details

    Full description