COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)

Methods

Protocol

Results of booster studies are available in the tables below and are updated on a monthly basis.

As of December 14, 2022, the COVID-NMA revised its protocol and discontinued the inclusion of prime vaccination trials in its analysis. The analysis presented on this page for prime vaccines compared to placebo or other vaccines includes trials that were identified and included up to December 14, 2022. A list of studies that were eligible up to this date but not extracted is provided in detail here .

On December 7, 2022, we published results of the systematic review "Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines" which included 41 preprints and published trials of 12 different COVID-19 used as prime vaccination and that were published before 5 November 2021.

meta-COVID

Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data for prime vaccination (last search date 14/12/2022), create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

go to metacovid

Vaccine types

COVID-19 BOOSTER DOSE VACCINATION: updated daily

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster vs no booster (tables)

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster VS booster (tables)

COVID-19 PRIME VACCINATION: Last search date December 14, 2022.

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs placebo / no vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heterologous vs homologous vaccination (tables)

Vaccine efficacy and safety against variants of concern (forest plots)

Trials reports under extraction

In addition to the below included trials, we have included and presently extracting 18 new vaccine randomized trials

Description of primary studies

In this table, we report the main characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates from RCTs identified, in addition to the overall risk of bias assessment.

For prime vaccination, early phase trials were extracted only when the dose has been selected. Results from phase 1-2 studies are included in forest plots for the chosen vaccine dose and schedule only. List of early phases included but not extracted are detailed on here .

Search studies

Search by Vaccine name Author Registration number
Trial Type Comparisons Design Participants Sample size Overall risk
of bias
Highest assessment
Full description
Intervention 1 Intervention 2
NCT04551547
Sinovac
Wang L, Nat Commun, 2022
New

Full text
Commentary
Commentary
Inactivated virus

Coronavac 1.5mcg/boost Coronavac 1.5 mcg

Coronavac 3 mcg/boost Coronavac 3 mcg

RCT
Phase 2
Children and adolescents aged 3-17 years without previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection at a single center in China. N= 346
Some concerns
Details

Full description

TCTR20210720007
Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma; AstraZeneca+University of Oxford ;Sinovac
Niyomnaitham S, Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2022 a
New

Full text
Commentary
Heterologous vaccination scheme

CoronaVac/ChAdOx1

CoronaVac/BNT162b2

ChAdOx1/CoronaVac

ChAdOx1/BNT162b2

BNT162b2/CoronaVac

BNT162b2+ChAdOx1

BNT162b2

RCT
Phase 2
Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities that were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in Thailand. N= 210
Some concerns
Details

Full description

N/A
Sinocelltech Ltd.
Hannawi S, J Infect, 2022
New

Full text
Commentary
Heterologous booster

BBIBP-CorV/Boost SCTV01C 20mcg

BBIBP-CorV/Boost SCTV01C 40mcg

BBIBP-CorV/Boost Placebo

RCT
Phase 1-2
Adults previously vaccinated with primary series of BBIBP-CorV with no history of COVID-19 in a single center in the United Arab Emirates. N= 234
Some concerns
Details

Full description

NCT04979949
Erciyes University and the Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB); Sinovac
Omma A, Hum Vaccines Immunother, 2022
New

Full text
Commentary
Heterologous booster

CoronaVac/Boost TURKOVAC

CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac

RCT
Phase 2
Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities with no recent history of COVID-19 in 4 centres in Turkiye. N= 222
Some concerns
Details

Full description

TCTR20210731003
AstraZeneca+University of Oxford/Sinopharm
Tawinprai K, Expert Rev Vaccines, 2022

Full text
Commentary
Heterologous booster

CoronaVac/Boost ChAdOx1

CoronaVac/Boost BBIBP-CorV

RCT
Phase 2
Adults, including elderly, without active underlying disease and with no history of COVID-19, who completed 2 doses of CoronaVac, in a single centre in Thailand. N= 81
Some concerns
Details

Full description

NCT05188677
Sinovac/Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc. Dynavax
Rao C, medRxiv, 2022

Full text
Commentary
Commentary
Heterologous booster

CoronaVac/Boost SCB-2019

CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac

RCT
Phase 3
Adults who are healthy or have a stable pre-existing medical condition and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in multiple centres in the Philippines. N= 430
Some concerns
Details

Full description

EudraCT, 2022-000063-51; NCT05249829
ModernaTX/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Lee I, medRxiv, 2023 a

Full text
Commentary
Commentary
Heterologous booster

Any prime vaccine/Boost mRNA vaccine/ mRNA-1273.529

Any prime vaccine/Boost mRNA vaccine/ mRNA-1273

RCT
Phase 2-3
Healthy or stable co-morbidities, at least 16 years who had previously received 2 injections of an authorized Covid-19 primary series vaccine with or without an mRNA-based booster as the third dose in 28 centres in UK. N= 724
Some concerns
Details

Full description

EudraCT, 2022-000063-51; NCT05249829
ModernaTX/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Lee l, medRxiv, 2023 b

Full text
Commentary
Commentary
Heterologous booster

Any prime vaccine/Boost mRNA vaccine/ mRNA-1273.214

Any prime vaccine/Boost mRNA vaccine/ mRNA-1273

RCT
Phase 2-3
Healthy or stable co-morbidities, at least 16 years who had previously received 2 injections of an authorized Covid-19 primary series vaccine with or without an mRNA-based booster as the third dose in 28 centres in UK. N= 2,824
Some concerns
Details

Full description

NCT05289037
Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma
Branche A, Clin. Infect. Dis., 2023
COVAIL

Full text
Full text
Full text
Commentary
Commentary
Commentary
Heterologous booster

Any COVID-19 Vaccine/Boost any COVID-19 Vaccine/Boost BNT162b2 Omicron BA.1

Any COVID-19 Vaccine/Boost any COVID-19 Vaccine/Boost BNT162b2 Omicron BA.4/5

RCT
Phase 2
Adults 18-49 who are healthy or have stable co-morbidities in 20 centres in the USA. N= 202
Some concerns
Details

Full description

NCT05057169
Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd; Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma
Leung N, medRxiv, 2022
Cobovax

Full text
Commentary
Commentary
Heterologous booster

BNT162b2/Boost CoronaVac

CoronaVac + boost BNT162b2

BNT162b2/boostBNT

CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac

RCT
Phase 4
Adults including co-morbidities that were HIV-negative with no history of COVID-19 infection and who had previously completed CoronaVac or BNT162b2 primary schedules in multiple centres in Hong Kong (China). N= 770
Some concerns
Details

Full description