Covid-19 living Data

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)

Methods

Analyses are updated every two weeks

On December 7, 2022, we published results of the systematic review "Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines" which included 41 preprints and published trials of 12 different COVID-19 that were published before 5 November 2021.

meta-COVID

Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data, create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

Vaccine types

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs placebo / no vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety against variants of concern (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heterologous vs homologous vaccination (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	3,706 (96)	2,698 (94)	1.37 [1.10, 1.72]	ELISA
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	28	Adults	2,690 (103)	3,995 (97)	0.67 [0.55, 0.82]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	942 (51)	154 (50)	6.11 [3.90, 9.57]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	112 (20)	77 (20)	1.28 [1.09, 1.51]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 3week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	84 (17)	77 (20)	0.95 [0.80, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	74 (19)	77 (20)	1.10 [0.94, 1.30]	ELISA
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	10	Healthy adults	8 (50)	5 (50)	1.5 [1.2, 1.9]	ELISA

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	523 (96)	396 (94)	1.31 [1.02, 1.69]	CPE (cytopathic effect)-based virus neutralization test (VNT)
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	54 (51)	13 (50)	4.3 [2.5, 7.3]	CPE-based microneutralization assay-wild-type
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	14	Elderly	5 (30)	4 (30)	1.3 [1.0, 2.9]	Microneutralization assay against Omicron BA.1.1 variant
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	10	Healthy adults	202 (50)	78 (50)	2.6 [1.7, 4.0]	Plaque reduction neutralization

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
								A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Macchia A, 2022	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	1	Adults	0 / 87	0 / 65	NR
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	1 / 179	3 / 180	0.34 [0.04 - 3.19]
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	3 / 181	3 / 180	0.99 [0.2 - 4.86]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 180	2 / 175	1.46 [0.25 - 8.62]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 177	2 / 175	1.48 [0.25 - 8.77]
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	0.9	Adults	0 / 102	0 / 101	NR
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	0.9	Adults	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 51	0 / 50	NR
Liu X, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses ChAdOx1	8.3	Adults	2 / 114	1 / 115	2.02 [0.19 - 21.94]
Liu X, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1	2 doses BNT162b2	8.3	Adults	2 / 115	1 / 119	2.07 [0.19 - 22.51]
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 50	2 / 50	0.5 [0.05 - 5.33]
Bánki Z, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	ChAdOx1	1	Healthy adults	1 / 114	0 / 108	2.84 [0.12 - 69.03]
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	0.9	Healthy adults	0 / 50	0 / 50	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	0.9	Healthy adults	0 / 50	0 / 50	NR

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster vs no booster (tables)

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	Vaccine efficacy [95% CI]	Risk of bias
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	*	Adults	0 / 13828	6 / 12486	100.0 [*, 100]

Efficacy
Severe or critical COVID-19 after complete vaccination
Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 after complete vaccination

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	VE [95% CI]
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	6 / 4695	123 / 4671	95.3 [89.5, 98.3]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	38 / 4935	72 / 4934	47.8 [22.6, 64.7]
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	*	Adults	6 / 13828	35 / 12486	92.0 [80.4, 96.7]

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Hall VG, 2021	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost mRNA-1273	Placebo	28	Transplant recipients	3,145 (60)	86 (57)	36.5 [ 12.9, 94]	Roche Elecsys
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	4,379 (112)	107 (105)	40,92 [23,33, 71,78]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	403 (106)	107 (105)	3,76 [2,11, 6,69]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,671 (111)	107 (105)	24,96 [14,11, 44,14]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	7,013 (80)	4,294 (87)	1.56 [1.06, 2.28]	ELISA

Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2; N1GMR: Geometric mean ratio

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,019 (91)	175 (98)	12.04 [9.95, 14.58]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	487 (91)	175 (98)	2.57 [2.13, 3.12]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,339 (92)	175 (98)	6.91 [5.70, 8.37]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	950 (98)	157 (111)	6.01 [4.87, 7.41]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	766 (94)	157 (111)	5.39 [4.35, 6.67]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	606 (89)	157 (111)	3.50 [2.81, 4.36]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,789 (95)	205 (93)	8.35 [6.88, 10.14]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	289 (91)	205 (93)	1.38 [1.14, 1.68]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	234 (87)	205 (93)	1.22 [1.00, 1.49]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,441 (75)	205 (93)	7.84 [6.37, 9.64]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,368 (97)	80 (101)	26.98 [21.88, 33.26]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	373 (99)	80 (101)	5.06 [4.11, 6.23]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,344 (103)	80 (101)	15.14 [12.32, 18.60]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	193 (98)	85 (90)	2.47 [1.96, 3.11]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	727 (87)	85 (90)	8.86 [7.00, 11.22]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	470 (86)	85 (90)	5.89 [4.64, 7.46]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,621 (93)	70 (91)	21.58 [16.93, 27.51]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	202 (89)	70 (91)	2.68 [2.10, 3.43]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	147 (95)	70 (91)	2.01 [1.57, 2.55]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	563 (95)	70 (91)	6.85 [5.37, 8.73]	PNA
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	14	Healthy adults	1,453 (199)	157 (221)	NR	Live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay.
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,007 (54)	73 (54)	27.49 [15.23, 49.60]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	235 (50)	73 (54)	3.21 [1.74, 5.93]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	1,446 (53)	73 (54)	19.80 [10.66, 36.79]	PRNT
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	746 (80)	101 (87)	7.41 [2.96, 18.51]	PRNT

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	16 / 5055	24 / 5020	0.66 [0.35 - 1.24]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 106	0 / 112	3.17 [0.13 - 76.94]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 109	1 / 118	0.36 [0.01 - 8.76]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 114	1 / 118	1.04 [0.07 - 16.35]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2 / 112	1 / 118	2.11 [0.19 - 22.91]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 109	0 / 109	3 [0.12 - 72.84]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 110	0 / 109	2.97 [0.12 - 72.18]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 112	0 / 114	3.05 [0.13 - 74.16]
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 119	0 / 114	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 116	0 / 114	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 111	0 / 109	2.95 [0.12 - 71.54]
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 115	0 / 109	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 108	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	1 / 105	0.33 [0.01 - 8.01]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	3 / 109	1 / 105	2.89 [0.31 - 27.34]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 111	1 / 105	0.32 [0.01 - 7.66]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 108	1 / 105	0.97 [0.06 - 15.34]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	NR	Healthy adults	6 / 5108	8 / 5110	0.75 [0.26 - 2.16]
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 112	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 111	0 / 105	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	2.7	Adults	1 / 14677	3 / 14675	0.33 [0.03 - 3.2]
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Tabarsi P, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Any Covid-19 vaccine	Boost SpikoGen	Placebo	0.5	Adults	0 / 250	0 / 50	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	5.4	Adults	11 / 13883	24 / 14303	0.47 [0.23 - 0.96]
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	0 / 5055	1 / 5020	0.33 [0.01 - 8.12]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	0 / 5108	0 / 5110	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster VS booster (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	48,465 (101)	55,215 (101)	0.87 [0.72, 1.06]	ELISA
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	1,975 (209)	1,664 (209)	1.19 [1.07, 1.31]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	3,090 (96)	369 (102)	8.37 [6.52, 10.75]	ELISA
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	10,417 (81)	7,496 (40)	*1.38 [, ]*	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	Any COVID-19 vaccine	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 15mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (18)	2,828 (17)	0.91 [0.73, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	Any COVID-19 vaccine	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 10mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (17)	2,828 (17)	0.73 [0.58, 0.91]	ELISA
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	2,241 (71)	2,405 (76)	0.93 [0.77, 1.13]	ELISA
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	1,875 (76)	2,405 (76)	0.78 [0.65, 0.94]	ELISA
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	674,267 (333)	48,405 (281)	13.4 [11.6, 15.3]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	335,213 (296)	48,405 (281)	7.0 [6.1, 8.1]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	336,851 (294)	48,405 (281)	6.7 [5.8, 7.7]	multiplex immunoassay
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	6,175 (140)	670 (140)	9.21 [6.87, 12.35]	ELISA
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	4,625 (140)	670 (140)	6.9 [5.01, 9.50]	ELISA
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 50 mcg mRNA-1273.351	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	14	Healthy volunteers	9,591 (25)	9,046 (22)	1.06 [0.78, 1.43]	4-plex Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) 10-plex assay.
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 100 mcg mRNA-1273	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	14	Healthy volunteers	8,396 (41)	9,046 (22)	0.93 [0.69, 1.24]	4-plex Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) 10-plex assay.
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	18,289 (192)	1,324 (190)	13.81 [11.54, 16.54]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost BNT162b2	28	Healthy adults	18,289 (192)	18,289 (192)	13.81 [11.54, 16.54]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	14,455 (185)	1,324 (190)	10.92 [9.00, 13.24]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost ChAdOx1 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	7,267 (191)	1,324 (190)	5.49 [4.56, 6.11]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	14	Adults	128 (101)	139 (101)	0.94 [0.76, 1.09]	Cytopathic effect-based virus neutralization test
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	96 (207)	97 (203)	0.99 [0.97, 1.01]	Virus neutralization test (sVNT)
Mok C K P, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	30	Adults	17 (40)	207 (40)	NR	PRNT90
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	197 (96)	34 (102)	5.9 [4.5, 7.7]	Cytopathic effect-based microneutralization assay- wild-type SARS-CoV-2
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	1,306 (81)	794 (40)	1.64 [1.09, 2.46]	CPE
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 a	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	28	Healthy adults	43 (55)	33 (51)	1.29 [0.81, 2.06]	Conventional virus neutralization test
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Beta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	4,784 (198)	2,699 (97)	1.77 [1.24, 2.53]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Delta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	4,503 (99)	2,699 (97)	1.67 [1.09, 2.54]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	5,322 (96)	2,699 (97)	1.97 [1.31, 2.95]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	6,011 (96)	2,699 (97)	2.23 [1.52, 3.26]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	14	Elderly	33 (50)	4 (50)	7.5 [3.5, 18.0]	Microneutralization assay against Omicron BA.1.1 variant
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	253 (71)	140 (76)	1.81 [1.34, 2.44]	Microneutralization test against Omicron BA.1 variant
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	124 (76)	140 (76)	0.88 [0.67, 1.17]	Microneutralization test against Omicron BA.1 variant
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	28	Healthcare workers	146 (30)	204 (30)	3.95 [2.57, 6.05]	Live virus neutralization against Omicron BA.1 variant
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	28	Healthcare workers	146 (30)	250 (30)	3.95 [2.57, 6.05]	Live virus neutralization against Omicron BA.1 variant
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	28	Healthcare workers	146 (30)	37 (30)	3.95 [2.57, 6.05]	Live virus neutralization against Omicron BA.1 variant
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	14	Adults	1,335 (267)	296 (270)	4.36 [3.70, 5.13]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	14	Adults	1,813 (279)	328 (290)	5.75 [4.99, 6.63]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	14	Adults	293 (96)	38 (96)	7.71 [5.42, 10.97]	Live-virus neutralizationn against Omicron variant
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	223 (20)	17 (20)	13.12 [5.66, 30.40]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres against Omicron variant.
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	102 (20)	17 (20)	6 [2.91, 12.36]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres against Omicron variant.
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	138 (20)	17 (20)	8.12 [3.72, 17.69]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres against Omicron variant.
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	23 (37)	4 (40)	5.63 [3.83, 8.29]	CPE-based microneutralisation against Omicron variant.
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	52 (40)	4 (40)	12.68 [9.06, 17.75]	CPE-based microneutralisation against Omicron variant.
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 50 mcg mRNA-1273.351	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	15	Healthy volunteers	2,111 (25)	2,435 (22)	0.87 [0.60, 1.24]	Neutralization assay (PsVN)
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 100 mcg mRNA-1273	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	15	Healthy volunteers	2,842 (41)	2,435 (22)	1.17 [0.84, 1.62]	Neutralization assay (PsVN)
Al Kaabi N, 2023	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-09	Boost BBIBP-CorV	14	Healthy adults	2,349 (255)	506 (249)	4.64 [3.93, 5.47]	Live-virus microneutralization assay
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	14	Healthy adults	1,966 (500)	3,309 (241)	0.59 [0.51, 0.76]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 30	0 / 30	NR
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 31	0 / 30	NR
Poh XY, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	0 / 48	0 / 50	NR
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	1	Kidney transplant recipients	2 / 99	3 / 99	0.67 [0.11 - 3.9]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	NR	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 96	0 / 102	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	1 / 29	0 / 29	3 [0.13 - 70.59]
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Munro APS, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	1 / 39	0 / 39	3 [0.13 - 71.37]
Munro APS, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	2 / 44	0 / 44	5 [0.25 - 101.12]
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 99	0 / 100	3.03 [0.12 - 73.49]
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	1 / 80	0 / 82	3.07 [0.13 - 74.36]
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	1 / 85	0 / 82	2.89 [0.12 - 70.04]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 339	0 / 291	2.58 [0.11 - 62.99]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 304	0 / 291	2.87 [0.12 - 70.22]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	3 / 305	0 / 291	6.68 [0.35 - 128.75]
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	12	Healthy adults	1 / 137	1 / 137	1 [0.06 - 15.83]
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	6	Healthy adults	2 / 139	1 / 137	1.97 [0.18 - 21.49]
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 50 mcg mRNA-1273.351	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	1	Healthy volunteers	0 / 25	1 / 23	0.31 [0.01 - 7.16]
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 100 mcg mRNA-1273	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	1	Healthy volunteers	0 / 48	1 / 23	0.16 [0.01 - 3.81]
Al Kaabi N, 2023	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-09	Boost BBIBP-CorV	1	Healthy adults	0 / 260	0 / 256	NR
Kho M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (2 doses)	Boost mRNA-1273	0.9	Adult kidney transplant recipients	0 / 75	3 / 71	0.14 [0.01 - 2.57]
Kho M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2-S	Boost mRNA-1273	0.9	Adult kidney transplant recipients	1 / 78	3 / 71	0.3 [0.03 - 2.85]
Bruminhent J, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac (3–5 weeks apart) or followed by 1 dose of ChAdOx1 or 2 doses of ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost ChAdOx1	0.2	Kidney transplant recipients	0 / 40	0 / 37	NR
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	3.2	Healthy adults	1 / 513	0 / 252	1.48 [0.06 - 36.09]
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	1 / 193	0 / 191	2.97 [0.12 - 72.43]
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost BNT162b2	28	Healthy adults	1 / 193	1 / 193	1 [0.06 - 15.87]
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	0 / 186	0 / 191	NR
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost ChAdOx1 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	1 / 192	0 / 191	2.98 [0.12 - 72.8]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	3	Kidney transplant recipients	4 / 99	4 / 99	1 [0.26 - 3.88]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	*	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 a	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	1	Healthy adults	0 / 58	0 / 55	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 29	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	0 / 80	0 / 82	NR
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	0 / 85	0 / 82	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	3.2	Healthy adults	0 / 513	0 / 252	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Trials reports under extraction

In addition to the below included trials, we have included and presently extracting 22 new vaccine randomized trials

Description of primary studies

In this table, we report the main characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates from RCTs identified, in addition to the overall risk of bias assessment.

As of January 2022, we will extract and present results of early phase trials only when the dose has been selected. Results from phase 1-2 studies are included in forest plots for the chosen vaccine dose and schedule only.

Search studies

Sort by: Most recent studiesFirst Author
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Trial	Type	Comparisons		Design	Participants	Sample size	Overall risk of bias Highest assessment	Full description
		Intervention 1	Intervention 2
NCT 05175625; IRCT20150303021315N26 Vaxine Pty Ltd./CinnaGen Co. Tabarsi P, Immunology, 2022 New Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	Booster SpikoGen	Placebo	RCT Phase 3	Adults including elderly and stable co-morbidities in a single centre in Iran.	N=300	Low Details	Full description
INA-GO0HLGB AstraZeneca+University of Oxford;Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; Sinovac, Ltd Fadlyana E, Lancet Infect Dis, 2023 New Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	CoronaVac + boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac + boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac = booster BNT162b2 (half dose) Coronavac + boost ChAdOx1 (half dose)	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac CoronaVac + boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	RCT *	Healthy adults without a history of laboratory confirmed COVID-19 within one month prior recruitment in 5 centres in Indonesia	N=960	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05293548 National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China, Beijing Zhong Sheng Heng Pharmaceutical Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products; Sinopharm-Beijing Al Kaabi N, Signal Transduct. Ther., 2023 New Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	BBIBP-CorV/Boost NVSI-06-09	BBIBP-CorV/Boost BBIBP-CorV	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults previously vaccinated with two or three doses of BBIBP-CorV at least 6 months prior to enrollment at a single center in United Arab Emirates	N=516	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05054621 Medigen Vaccine Biologics+Dynavax+NIAID; AstraZeneca + University of Oxford Chen C, Nat Commun, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary	Heterologous vaccination scheme	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults, HIV-negative and without severe disorders, who had received their initial ChAdOx1 dose at a single center in Taiwan.	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05030974 Moderna ; Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma ; Janssen Pharmaceutical Kho M, Lancet Infect Dis, 2022 RECOVAC New Full text Commentary Commentary	Heterologous booster	mRNA vaccine/boost 2 doses mRNA-1273 mRNA vaccine/boost Ad26.COV2-S	mRNAvaccine/boost mRNA-1273	RCT Phase 4	Adult kidney transplant recipients without seroconversion after two doses of an mRNA vaccine and no history of COVID-19 at 4 centers in the Netherlands.	N=230	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04283461; NCT04785144 Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Anderson E, SSRN, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary	Homologous booster	100 mcg of mRNA-1273 + boost 50 mcg of mRNA-1273.351 mRNA-1273 100 mcg + booster	100 mcg mRNA-1273 + boost 25 mcg mRNA- 1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adult volunteers who were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in 3 sites in the USA	N=96	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04907331; 2021-002171-19 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford; Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Bánki Z, EBioMedicine, 2022 HEVACC New Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	ChAdOx1	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults with no history of COVID-19 in 3 centres in Austria.	N=234	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04942405 Erciyes University, Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB);Sinovac Research and Development Tanriover M, Vaccines, 2022 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	TURKOVAC	CoronaVac	RCT Phase 3	Adults including healthy and with stable co-morbidities with no history of COVID-19 in 8 centres in Türkiye.	N=1290	Some concerns Details	Full description
CTRI/2021/08/035648 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Bharat Biotech Rose W, SSRN, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	ChadOx1/boostBBV152 BBV152/boostChadOx1	ChadOx1/boostChadOx1 BBV152 Booster	RCT Phase 4	Adults that were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in India	N=405	Low Details	Full description
NCT05124171; EudraCT 2021-004550-33 Sanofi Pasteur + GSK; Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma Launay O, N Engl J Med, 2022 Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	BNT162b2 + boost MV B.1.351 BNT162b2 + boost MV D614	BNT162b2/boostBNT	RCT Phase 3	Adults in good health or with stable co-morbidities with no history of COVID-19 in 11 centres in France.	N=247	Some concerns Details	Full description

Al Kaabi N, Nat Commun, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of a hybrid-type vaccine booster in BBIBP-CorV recipients: a randomized controlled phase 2 trial
Anderson EJ, N Engl J Med, 2022a	Evaluation of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Children 6 Months to 5 Years of Age
Anez G, medrxiv, 2022	Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 in Adolescents in PREVENT-19: a Randomized, Phase 3 Trial
BioNTech SE NCT04816669,2022a	Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of a Lyophilized Formulation of BNT162b2 Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults
Charland N, NPJ Vaccines, 2022a	Safety and immunogenicity of an AS03-adjuvanted plant-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Adults with and without Comorbidities.
Cinza-Estevez Z, SSRN, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety Assessment of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike RBD Protein Vaccine (Abdala) in Paediatric Ages 3 to 18 Years Old: A Double-Blinded, Multicentre, Randomised, Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial (ISMAELILLO Study)
Huang LM, Research Square, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine MVC-COV1901 in Taiwanese adolescents: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
Janssen Vaccines & Prevention ,2023a	A Study of Ad26.COV2.S Administered as Booster Vaccination in Adults Who Have Previously Received Primary Vaccination With Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2
Kulkarni PS, SSRN, 2022	Safety and Immunogenicity of SII-NVX-CoV2373 (COVID-19 Vaccine) In Adults in a Phase 2/3, Observer-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Study
Kundro MA, Public Health Pract (Oxf), 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous COVID-19 vaccine regimens to deal with product shortage: a randomised clinical trial in an elderly population
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COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness(Randomized evidence)

Methods

meta-COVID

Vaccine types

Trials reports under extraction

Description of primary studies

Search studies

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)