COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)
Methods
Analyses are updated every two weeks
meta-COVID
Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data, create and download your forest plots by clicking below:
Vaccine types
Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs placebo / no vaccine (forest plots)
Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs vaccine (forest plots)
Vaccine efficacy and safety against variants of concern (forest plots)
Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heterologous vs homologous vaccination (tables)
Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster vs no booster (tables)
Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster VS booster (tables)
Search studies
| Trial | Type | Comparisons | Design | Participants | Sample size | Overall risk of bias Highest assessment |
Full description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention 1 | Intervention 2 | |||||||
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NCT04400838 ; ISRCTN University of Oxford/AstraZeneca Ramasamy MN, Lancet, 2020 Full text Commentary (20)32481-8/fulltext ; Commentary ; Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Non replicating viral vector ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine - 2·2 × 10¹? vp x 2 doses on day 0/28 |
Non replicating viral vector ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine - 2·2 × 10¹? vp x 2 doses on day 0/28 |
RCTPhase 2/3 | Healthy adults in two centres in the UK | N=560 | N/A | |
|
NCT04568031 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Asano M, Int J Infect Dis, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 1-2 | Adults with or without mild, well-controlled co-morbidities seronegative and PCR negative to SARS-CoV-2 at 5 centres in Japan | N=256 |
Low Details |
|
|
ISRCTN89951424 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Clemens S, Nat. Commun., 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 |
MenACWY |
RCTPhase 3 | Adults that were SARS-CoV-2 seronegative and with no history of COVID-19 in six centers in Brazil. | N=10416 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
RBR–9nn3scw AstraZeneca+University of Oxford/Sinovac/Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies/Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Costa Clemens SA, Lancet, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
CoronaVac/Boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac/Boost ChAdOx1 CoronaVac/Boost AD26.COV2-S |
CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac |
RCTPhase 4 | Healthy adults with no history of confirmed covid-19 who had previously received 2 doses of CoronaVac at two centers in Brazil | N=1240 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04400838 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Emary K, Lancet, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 |
MenACWY |
RCTPhase 2-3 | Adults seronegative at baseline enrolled at 19 study sites in UK | N=10673 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04516746 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Falsey A, N Engl J Med, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 3 | Adults (22% over 65 years) at high risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and populations at increased risk for Covid-19 complications at 88 sites in USA, Chile, and Peru | N=32451 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04324606; ISRCTN15281137 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Folegatti PM, Lancet, 2020 COV001 Full text Commentary ; Commentary (20)31611-1/fulltext |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 5x10^10 D1 |
MenACWY |
RCTPhase 1-2 | Healthy adults with no history of laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or of COVID-19-like symptoms in five centres in the UK | N=1067 |
Low Details |
|
|
NCT04526990 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Halperin SA, Lancet, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad5-nCoV 5×10^10 vp |
Adjuvant |
RCTPhase 3 | Healthy adults with no history of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 at 66 sites in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Pakistan, and Russia | N=36982 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04614948 Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies Hardt K, medRxiv, 2022 a ENSEMBLE2 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad26.COV2.S 5x10^10vp D0 |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 3 | Adults, healthy or with stable and well-controlled comorbidities, at 125 centers in Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, The Philippines, South Africa, Spain, UK, and USA | N=31835 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04614948 Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies Hardt K, medRxiv, 2022 b ENSEMBLE2 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Boost Ad26.COV2.S after prime vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S 5x10^10vp D0 |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 3 | Adults, healthy or with stable and well-controlled comorbidities, at 125 centers in Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, The Philippines, South Africa, Spain, UK, and USA | N=31835 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
CTRI/2020/08/027170 Serum Institute of India/AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Kulkarni P, EClinicalMedicine, 2021 Full text (21)00499-5/fulltext#seccesectitle0022Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 |
Adjuvant |
RCTPhase 2-3 | Adults (seronegative and seropositive)without a history of COVID and not immunocompromised at 14 centers in India | N=1200 |
Low Details |
|
|
CTRI/2020/08/027170 Serum Institute of India/AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Kulkarni P, EClinicalMedicine, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 |
ChAdOx1 |
RCTPhase 2-3 | Adults (seronegative and seropositive) without a history of COVID and not immunocompromised at 14 centers in India | N=401 |
Low Details |
|
|
NCT04864561 Valneva Lazarus, SSRN, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Inactivated virus |
VLA2001 (33 AU) |
ChAdOx1 |
RCTPhase 3 | Medically stable adults, 30 years and older, at 26 centers in the UK. | N=2975 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
ISRCTN15638344 ; EudraCT 2020-005765-13 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Li G, SSRN, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 ChAdOx1 D0/84 |
Placebo Placebo D0/84 |
RCTPhase 1-2 | Healthy adolescents aged 12-17 years with no history of COVID-19 at 4 centers in the UK | N=150 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04892459 Sinovac Research and Development Co Ltd + CanSino Biological Inc /Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Li J, Nat. Med., 2022 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
CoronaVac/boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp |
CoronaVac/boost |
RCTPhase 4 | Healthy adults with no previous clinical or virologic COVID-19 diagnosis or SARS-CoV-2 infection at one centre in China | N=200 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04892459 Sinovac Research and Development Co Ltd+CanSino Biological Inc / Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Li J, Nat. Med., 2022 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored |
2 doses CoronaVac |
RCTPhase 4 | Healthy adults with no previous clinical or virologic COVID-19 diagnosis or SARS-CoV-2 infection at one centre in China | N=100 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04540419 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Lioznov D, medRxiv, 2022 Prometheus Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad5-nCoV 5x10^10vp D0 |
Placebo |
RCTphase 3 | Healthy adult volunteers without obesity with no current or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in 6 centres in Russia. | N=500 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
ISRCTN69254139, EudraCT: 2020-005085-33 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford; Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Liu X, Lancet, 2021 Com-COV Full text Commentary |
RNA based vaccine |
1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2 1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1 |
2 doses ChAdOx1 2 doses BNT162b2 |
RCTPhase 2 | Adults 50 years or older with no previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, no or well-controlled mild-moderate comorbidities and HIV-negative in 8 centers in the UK | N=463 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04530396 Gamaleya Research Institute (Sputnik V) Logunov D, Lancet, 2021 RESIST Full text Commentary ; Commentary ; Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S |
Placebo D0/21 |
RCTPhase 3 | SARS-CoV-2- and HIV infection-free adult volunteers at 25 centers in Russia | N=21977 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04962906; NCT05027672 Gamaleya Research Institute, AstraZeneca+University of Oxford;Moderna;Sinopharm Macchia A, Lancet Reg Health Am, 2022 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S |
Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV |
RCTPhase 2 | Adults who had received the first dose (rAd26) of the Sputnik V vaccine at least 30 days earlier and no history of SARS-CoV-2 at a single centre in Argentina | N=540 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04444674, PACTR202006922165132 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Madhi S, Lancet, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
BNT162b1 30 mcg |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 1-2 | Adults living with HIV in 7 centers in South Africa | N=104 |
Low Details |
|
|
NCT04444674 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford Madhi S, N Engl J Med, 2021 COV005 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 5x10^10 vp D0/28 |
Placebo D0/28 |
RCTPhase 1-2 | Healthy adult volunteers that were HIV-negative and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in 7 centres in South Africa | N=2026 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
ISRCTN73765130 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Janssen Pharmaceutical; Novovax; Moderna + NIAID; Pfizer BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; CureVac AG; Valneva, NIHR, UK Munro A , Lancet, 2021 a COV-BOOST Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChadOx1/boost ChadOx1 ChadOx1/boost Novavax ChadOx1/boost Novavax half dose |
ChadOx1/Placebo |
RCTPhase 2 | Adults aged ≥30 years in good physical health at 18 centers in the UK. | N=443 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
TCTR20210722003 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Nanthapisal S, Vaccine, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
CoronaVac/Boost ChAdOx1 |
CoronaVac Boosted by low dose ChAdOx1 |
RCTPhase 2 | Healthy adult volunteers with no history or current infection with SARS-CoV-2 who had completed two doses of CoronaVac at 2 centres in Thailand. | N=422 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
EudraCT021-002927-39 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma/Moderna/Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies Reindl-Schwaighofer R, JAMA, 2021 Updated Full text Full text Commentary Commentary |
RNA based vaccine |
mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2/homologous booster |
mRNAorBNT/Ad26COVS1 booster |
RCTPhase 2 | Adult kidney transplant recipients with no history of COVID-19 infection and without an antibody response 4 weeks after a 2-dose mRNA vaccine schedule at a single center in Austria. | N=201 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04927936 Janssen Pharmaceutical;Moderna ;Pfizer/BionTech+Fosun Pharma Sablerolles R, N Engl J Med, 2022 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad26.COV2.S/m-RNA-1273 Ad26.COV2.S/Ad26.COV2.S Ad26.COV2.S/Ad26.COV2.S |
Ad26.COV2.S/BNT162b2 Ad26.COV2.S/m-RNA-1273 Ad26.COV2.S/BNT162b2 |
RCTPhase 3 | Healthcare workers aged 18-65 years, without severe comorbidities, and no known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection who received a single Ad26.COV2.S primary vaccination at 4 centers in the Netherlands. | N=461 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04505722 Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies Sadoff J, N Engl J Med, 2022 b ENSEMBLE Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad26.COV2.S 5x10^10vp |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 3 | Adults >18 years of age at 213 centers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, South Africa and USA | N=44325 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04436276 Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies Sadoff J, N Engl J Med, 2021 a ENSEMBLE Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad26.COV2.S, 5x10^10vp |
0.9% saline placebo |
RCTPhase 1-2 | Healthy SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid negative adults 18-55 years old and elderly >65 years old in multiple centres in Belgium and the US | N=810 |
Low Details |
|
|
NCT04436276 Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies Stephenson K, JAMA, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad26.COV2.S |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 1 | Healthy adults aged 18-55 years that were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in USA. | N=10 |
Low Details |
|
|
ISRCTN27841311; EudraCT 2021-001275-16 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford / Novavax / Moderna + NIAID Stuart A, Lancet, 2021 a Com-COV2 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Protein subunit |
1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373 1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273 |
2 doses ChAdOx1 |
RCTPhase 2 | Healthy adults over 50 years previously vaccinated with one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in 9 centres in the UK | N=540 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
TCTR20210731003 AstraZenec+University of Oxford /Sinovac Tawinprai K, Vaccine, 2022 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Coronavac + boost ID 2/5 ChAdOx1 Coronavac + boost ID 1/5 ChAdOx1 |
Coronavac + boost ChAdOx1 |
RCTPhase 2 | Adults who had received a 2-dose primary Coronavac schedule at least 2 months previously at a single center in Thailand. | N=125 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
CTRI/2021/08/036074 Biological E;AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Thuluva , medRxiv, 2022 b Full text Commentary Commentary |
Protein subunit |
2 IM doses of 25 mcg BECOV2 |
ChAdOx1 |
RCTPhase 3 | Healthy adults without a history of Covid-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection at 20 centers in India. | N=2140 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT05011526 Medigen; AstraZeneca + University of Oxford Torales J, medRxiv, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary |
Protein subunit |
MVC-COV1901 15 mcg D0/28 |
ChAdOx1 |
RCTPhase 3 | Healthy adults or adults with pre-existing medical conditions who are in stable condition and with no known SARS-CoV-2 infection in the 3 months prior at 2 centers in Paraguay. | N=1030 |
Low Details |
|
|
ISRCTN89951424 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Voysey M, Lancet, 2020 COV003 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine x 2 doses, Days 0/28, 0.5mL (3.5 - 6.5 x 10^10vp) |
Meningococcal group A, C, W-135, and Y conjugate vaccine Day 0, saline 0.5mL (0.9% NaCl) Day 28 |
RCTPhase 3 | Healthy SARS-CoV-2 serology/DNA negative adults in six centres in Brazil | N=10002 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04400838 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Voysey M, Lancet, 2020 COV002 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine x 2 doses, Days 0/28, 0.5mL (2·2 × 10¹? vp) /0.5mL (3.5 - 6.5 x 10¹?vp) ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine x 2 doses, Days 0/28, 0.5mL (3.5 - 6.5 x 10¹?vp) |
Meningococcal group A, C, W-135, and Y conjugate vaccine 0.5mL, 2 x doses, Days 0/28 |
RCTPhase 2/3 | Healthy adults in 18 centres in the UK | N=10673 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
ISRCTN89951424 (COV0 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Voysey M, Lancet, 2020 COV002/3 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine x 2 doses, Days 0/28, 0.5mL (2·2 × 10¹? vp or 3.5 - 6.5 x 10¹?vp) /0.5mL (3.5 - 6.5 x 10¹?vp) |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine x 2 doses, Days 0/28, 0.5mL (2·2 × 10¹? vp or 3.5 - 6.5 x 10¹?vp) /0.5mL (3.5 - 6.5 x 10¹?vp) |
RCTPhase 2/3 | Healthy adults from two studies in multiple centres in Brazil and the UK | N=20675 | N/A | |
|
NCT04324606;ISRCTN89951424;NCT04400838;NCT04444674 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Voysey M, Lancet, 2021 COV001/COV002/COV003/COV005 Full text Commentary ; Commentary ; Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, 2 doses, low/standard or standard/standard |
MenACWY vaccine/ placebo |
RCTPhase 1/2/3 | Adults seronegative at baseline from four studies in multiple centres in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK | N=24422 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04552366 Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China, and CanSino Biologics Wu S, Lancet, 2021 Full text Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad5-nCoV 2x10^10 vp mu D0/28 Ad5-nCoV 2x10^10 vp mu D0/28 Ad5-nCoV 2x10^10 vp mu D0/28 Ad5-nCoV 2x10^10 vp mu D0/28 |
Ad5-nCoV 1x10^10 vp mu D0/28 Ad5-nCoV 5x10^10 vp im D0/ Ad5-nCoV 2x10^10 vp mu D28 Ad5-nCoV 5x10^10 vp im D0 Ad5-nCoV 10x10^10 vp im D0 |
RCTPhase 1 | Adults who were HIV-negative and seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 at a single center in China | N=130 |
Some concerns Details |
|
|
NCT04341389 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Zhu F, Lancet, 2020 Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad5-nCoV 5×10^10 vp D0 |
Adjuvant |
RCTPhase 2 | Healthy adult volunteers with HIV-negative and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in China. | N=508 |
Low Details |
|
|
NCT04566770 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Zhu F, Research Square, 2021 d Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad5-vectored 5x10^10 vp |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 2b | Healthy adults aged 18-55 years, HIV-negative and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in China. | N=30 |
Low Details |
|
|
NCT04566770 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Zhu F, Clin Infect Dis, 2021 a Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp Ad5-vectored 10×10^10 vp |
Placebo |
RCTPhase 2b | Healthy volunteers aged 56 years and above that were HIV-negative and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in China. | N=250 |
Details |
|
|
NCT04566770 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Zhu F , Clin. Infect. Dis., 2021 b Full text Commentary Commentary |
Non replicating viral vector |
Ad5-nCoV 3x10¹⁰ vp |
Ad5-nCoV 3x10¹⁰ vp |
RCTPhase 2b | Healthy children and adolescents aged 6-17 years that were HIV-negative and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in China. | N=150 |
Low Details |
|