Covid-19 living Data

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)

Methods

Analyses are updated every two weeks

On December 7, 2022, we published results of the systematic review "Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines" which included 41 preprints and published trials of 12 different COVID-19 that were published before 5 November 2021.

meta-COVID

Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data, create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

Vaccine types

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs placebo / no vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety against variants of concern (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heterologous vs homologous vaccination (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	3,706 (96)	2,698 (94)	1.37 [1.10, 1.72]	ELISA
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	28	Adults	2,690 (103)	3,995 (97)	0.67 [0.55, 0.82]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	942 (51)	154 (50)	6.11 [3.90, 9.57]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	112 (20)	77 (20)	1.28 [1.09, 1.51]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 3week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	84 (17)	77 (20)	0.95 [0.80, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	74 (19)	77 (20)	1.10 [0.94, 1.30]	ELISA
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	10	Healthy adults	8 (50)	5 (50)	1.5 [1.2, 1.9]	ELISA

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	523 (96)	396 (94)	1.31 [1.02, 1.69]	CPE (cytopathic effect)-based virus neutralization test (VNT)
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	54 (51)	13 (50)	4.3 [2.5, 7.3]	CPE-based microneutralization assay-wild-type
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	14	Elderly	5 (30)	4 (30)	1.3 [1.0, 2.9]	Microneutralization assay against Omicron BA.1.1 variant
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	10	Healthy adults	202 (50)	78 (50)	2.6 [1.7, 4.0]	Plaque reduction neutralization

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
								A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Macchia A, 2022	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	1	Adults	0 / 87	0 / 65	NR
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	1 / 179	3 / 180	0.34 [0.04 - 3.19]
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	3 / 181	3 / 180	0.99 [0.2 - 4.86]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 180	2 / 175	1.46 [0.25 - 8.62]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 177	2 / 175	1.48 [0.25 - 8.77]
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	0.9	Adults	0 / 102	0 / 101	NR
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	0.9	Adults	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 51	0 / 50	NR
Liu X, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses ChAdOx1	8.3	Adults	2 / 114	1 / 115	2.02 [0.19 - 21.94]
Liu X, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1	2 doses BNT162b2	8.3	Adults	2 / 115	1 / 119	2.07 [0.19 - 22.51]
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 50	2 / 50	0.5 [0.05 - 5.33]
Bánki Z, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	ChAdOx1	1	Healthy adults	1 / 114	0 / 108	2.84 [0.12 - 69.03]
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	0.9	Healthy adults	0 / 50	0 / 50	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Chen C, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1 / 1 dose MVC-COV1901	ChAdOx1	0.9	Healthy adults	0 / 50	0 / 50	NR

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster vs no booster (tables)

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	Vaccine efficacy [95% CI]	Risk of bias
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	*	Adults	0 / 13828	6 / 12486	100.0 [*, 100]

Efficacy
Severe or critical COVID-19 after complete vaccination
Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 after complete vaccination

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	VE [95% CI]
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	6 / 4695	123 / 4671	95.3 [89.5, 98.3]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	38 / 4935	72 / 4934	47.8 [22.6, 64.7]
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	*	Adults	6 / 13828	35 / 12486	92.0 [80.4, 96.7]

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Hall VG, 2021	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost mRNA-1273	Placebo	28	Transplant recipients	3,145 (60)	86 (57)	36.5 [ 12.9, 94]	Roche Elecsys
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	4,379 (112)	107 (105)	40,92 [23,33, 71,78]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	403 (106)	107 (105)	3,76 [2,11, 6,69]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,671 (111)	107 (105)	24,96 [14,11, 44,14]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	7,013 (80)	4,294 (87)	1.56 [1.06, 2.28]	ELISA

Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2; N1GMR: Geometric mean ratio

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,019 (91)	175 (98)	12.04 [9.95, 14.58]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	487 (91)	175 (98)	2.57 [2.13, 3.12]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,339 (92)	175 (98)	6.91 [5.70, 8.37]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	950 (98)	157 (111)	6.01 [4.87, 7.41]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	766 (94)	157 (111)	5.39 [4.35, 6.67]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	606 (89)	157 (111)	3.50 [2.81, 4.36]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,789 (95)	205 (93)	8.35 [6.88, 10.14]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	289 (91)	205 (93)	1.38 [1.14, 1.68]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	234 (87)	205 (93)	1.22 [1.00, 1.49]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,441 (75)	205 (93)	7.84 [6.37, 9.64]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,368 (97)	80 (101)	26.98 [21.88, 33.26]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	373 (99)	80 (101)	5.06 [4.11, 6.23]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,344 (103)	80 (101)	15.14 [12.32, 18.60]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	193 (98)	85 (90)	2.47 [1.96, 3.11]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	727 (87)	85 (90)	8.86 [7.00, 11.22]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	470 (86)	85 (90)	5.89 [4.64, 7.46]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,621 (93)	70 (91)	21.58 [16.93, 27.51]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	202 (89)	70 (91)	2.68 [2.10, 3.43]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	147 (95)	70 (91)	2.01 [1.57, 2.55]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	563 (95)	70 (91)	6.85 [5.37, 8.73]	PNA
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	14	Healthy adults	1,453 (199)	157 (221)	NR	Live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay.
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,007 (54)	73 (54)	27.49 [15.23, 49.60]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	235 (50)	73 (54)	3.21 [1.74, 5.93]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	1,446 (53)	73 (54)	19.80 [10.66, 36.79]	PRNT
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	746 (80)	101 (87)	7.41 [2.96, 18.51]	PRNT

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	16 / 5055	24 / 5020	0.66 [0.35 - 1.24]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 106	0 / 112	3.17 [0.13 - 76.94]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 109	1 / 118	0.36 [0.01 - 8.76]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 114	1 / 118	1.04 [0.07 - 16.35]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2 / 112	1 / 118	2.11 [0.19 - 22.91]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 109	0 / 109	3 [0.12 - 72.84]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 110	0 / 109	2.97 [0.12 - 72.18]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 112	0 / 114	3.05 [0.13 - 74.16]
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 119	0 / 114	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 116	0 / 114	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 111	0 / 109	2.95 [0.12 - 71.54]
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 115	0 / 109	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 108	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	1 / 105	0.33 [0.01 - 8.01]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	3 / 109	1 / 105	2.89 [0.31 - 27.34]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 111	1 / 105	0.32 [0.01 - 7.66]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 108	1 / 105	0.97 [0.06 - 15.34]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	NR	Healthy adults	6 / 5108	8 / 5110	0.75 [0.26 - 2.16]
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 112	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 111	0 / 105	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	2.7	Adults	1 / 14677	3 / 14675	0.33 [0.03 - 3.2]
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Tabarsi P, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Any Covid-19 vaccine	Boost SpikoGen	Placebo	0.5	Adults	0 / 250	0 / 50	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 b	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	5.4	Adults	11 / 13883	24 / 14303	0.47 [0.23 - 0.96]
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	0 / 5055	1 / 5020	0.33 [0.01 - 8.12]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	0 / 5108	0 / 5110	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster VS booster (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	48,465 (101)	55,215 (101)	0.87 [0.72, 1.06]	ELISA
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	1,975 (209)	1,664 (209)	1.19 [1.07, 1.31]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	3,090 (96)	369 (102)	8.37 [6.52, 10.75]	ELISA
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	10,417 (81)	7,496 (40)	*1.38 [, ]*	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	Any COVID-19 vaccine	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 15mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (18)	2,828 (17)	0.91 [0.73, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	Any COVID-19 vaccine	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 10mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (17)	2,828 (17)	0.73 [0.58, 0.91]	ELISA
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	2,241 (71)	2,405 (76)	0.93 [0.77, 1.13]	ELISA
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	1,875 (76)	2,405 (76)	0.78 [0.65, 0.94]	ELISA
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	674,267 (333)	48,405 (281)	13.4 [11.6, 15.3]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	335,213 (296)	48,405 (281)	7.0 [6.1, 8.1]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	336,851 (294)	48,405 (281)	6.7 [5.8, 7.7]	multiplex immunoassay
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	6,175 (140)	670 (140)	9.21 [6.87, 12.35]	ELISA
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	4,625 (140)	670 (140)	6.9 [5.01, 9.50]	ELISA
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 50 mcg mRNA-1273.351	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	14	Healthy volunteers	9,591 (25)	9,046 (22)	1.06 [0.78, 1.43]	4-plex Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) 10-plex assay.
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 100 mcg mRNA-1273	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	14	Healthy volunteers	8,396 (41)	9,046 (22)	0.93 [0.69, 1.24]	4-plex Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) 10-plex assay.
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	18,289 (192)	1,324 (190)	13.81 [11.54, 16.54]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost BNT162b2	28	Healthy adults	18,289 (192)	18,289 (192)	13.81 [11.54, 16.54]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	14,455 (185)	1,324 (190)	10.92 [9.00, 13.24]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost ChAdOx1 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	7,267 (191)	1,324 (190)	5.49 [4.56, 6.11]	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	14	Adults	128 (101)	139 (101)	0.94 [0.76, 1.09]	Cytopathic effect-based virus neutralization test
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	96 (207)	97 (203)	0.99 [0.97, 1.01]	Virus neutralization test (sVNT)
Mok C K P, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	30	Adults	17 (40)	207 (40)	NR	PRNT90
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	197 (96)	34 (102)	5.9 [4.5, 7.7]	Cytopathic effect-based microneutralization assay- wild-type SARS-CoV-2
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	1,306 (81)	794 (40)	1.64 [1.09, 2.46]	CPE
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 a	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	28	Healthy adults	43 (55)	33 (51)	1.29 [0.81, 2.06]	Conventional virus neutralization test
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Beta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	4,784 (198)	2,699 (97)	1.77 [1.24, 2.53]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Delta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	4,503 (99)	2,699 (97)	1.67 [1.09, 2.54]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	5,322 (96)	2,699 (97)	1.97 [1.31, 2.95]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Branche A, 2022	Any COVID-19 vaccine	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	6,011 (96)	2,699 (97)	2.23 [1.52, 3.26]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay against Omicron BA.1 variant
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	14	Elderly	33 (50)	4 (50)	7.5 [3.5, 18.0]	Microneutralization assay against Omicron BA.1.1 variant
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	253 (71)	140 (76)	1.81 [1.34, 2.44]	Microneutralization test against Omicron BA.1 variant
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	15	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	124 (76)	140 (76)	0.88 [0.67, 1.17]	Microneutralization test against Omicron BA.1 variant
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	28	Healthcare workers	146 (30)	204 (30)	3.95 [2.57, 6.05]	Live virus neutralization against Omicron BA.1 variant
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	28	Healthcare workers	146 (30)	250 (30)	3.95 [2.57, 6.05]	Live virus neutralization against Omicron BA.1 variant
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	28	Healthcare workers	146 (30)	37 (30)	3.95 [2.57, 6.05]	Live virus neutralization against Omicron BA.1 variant
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	14	Adults	1,335 (267)	296 (270)	4.36 [3.70, 5.13]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	14	Adults	1,813 (279)	328 (290)	5.75 [4.99, 6.63]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	14	Adults	293 (96)	38 (96)	7.71 [5.42, 10.97]	Live-virus neutralizationn against Omicron variant
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	223 (20)	17 (20)	13.12 [5.66, 30.40]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres against Omicron variant.
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	102 (20)	17 (20)	6 [2.91, 12.36]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres against Omicron variant.
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	138 (20)	17 (20)	8.12 [3.72, 17.69]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres against Omicron variant.
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	23 (37)	4 (40)	5.63 [3.83, 8.29]	CPE-based microneutralisation against Omicron variant.
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	52 (40)	4 (40)	12.68 [9.06, 17.75]	CPE-based microneutralisation against Omicron variant.
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 50 mcg mRNA-1273.351	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	15	Healthy volunteers	2,111 (25)	2,435 (22)	0.87 [0.60, 1.24]	Neutralization assay (PsVN)
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 100 mcg mRNA-1273	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	15	Healthy volunteers	2,842 (41)	2,435 (22)	1.17 [0.84, 1.62]	Neutralization assay (PsVN)
Al Kaabi N, 2023	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-09	Boost BBIBP-CorV	14	Healthy adults	2,349 (255)	506 (249)	4.64 [3.93, 5.47]	Live-virus microneutralization assay
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	14	Healthy adults	1,966 (500)	3,309 (241)	0.59 [0.51, 0.76]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 30	0 / 30	NR
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 31	0 / 30	NR
Poh XY, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	0 / 48	0 / 50	NR
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	1	Kidney transplant recipients	2 / 99	3 / 99	0.67 [0.11 - 3.9]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	NR	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 96	0 / 102	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	1 / 29	0 / 29	3 [0.13 - 70.59]
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Munro APS, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	1 / 39	0 / 39	3 [0.13 - 71.37]
Munro APS, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	2 / 44	0 / 44	5 [0.25 - 101.12]
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 99	0 / 100	3.03 [0.12 - 73.49]
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	1 / 80	0 / 82	3.07 [0.13 - 74.36]
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	1 / 85	0 / 82	2.89 [0.12 - 70.04]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 339	0 / 291	2.58 [0.11 - 62.99]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 304	0 / 291	2.87 [0.12 - 70.22]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	3 / 305	0 / 291	6.68 [0.35 - 128.75]
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	12	Healthy adults	1 / 137	1 / 137	1 [0.06 - 15.83]
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	6	Healthy adults	2 / 139	1 / 137	1.97 [0.18 - 21.49]
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 50 mcg mRNA-1273.351	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	1	Healthy volunteers	0 / 25	1 / 23	0.31 [0.01 - 7.16]
Anderson E, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost 100 mcg mRNA-1273	Boost 25 mcg mRNA-1273.351 and 25 mcg mRNA-1273	1	Healthy volunteers	0 / 48	1 / 23	0.16 [0.01 - 3.81]
Al Kaabi N, 2023	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-09	Boost BBIBP-CorV	1	Healthy adults	0 / 260	0 / 256	NR
Kho M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (2 doses)	Boost mRNA-1273	0.9	Adult kidney transplant recipients	0 / 75	3 / 71	0.14 [0.01 - 2.57]
Kho M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2-S	Boost mRNA-1273	0.9	Adult kidney transplant recipients	1 / 78	3 / 71	0.3 [0.03 - 2.85]
Bruminhent J, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac (3–5 weeks apart) or followed by 1 dose of ChAdOx1 or 2 doses of ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost ChAdOx1	0.2	Kidney transplant recipients	0 / 40	0 / 37	NR
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	3.2	Healthy adults	1 / 513	0 / 252	1.48 [0.06 - 36.09]
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	1 / 193	0 / 191	2.97 [0.12 - 72.43]
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2	boost BNT162b2	28	Healthy adults	1 / 193	1 / 193	1 [0.06 - 15.87]
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost BNT162b2 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	0 / 186	0 / 191	NR
Fadlyana E, 2023	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	boost ChAdOx1 (half dose)	boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	1 / 192	0 / 191	2.98 [0.12 - 72.8]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	3	Kidney transplant recipients	4 / 99	4 / 99	1 [0.26 - 3.88]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	*	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2022 a	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	1	Healthy adults	0 / 58	0 / 55	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 29	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV B.1.351	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	0 / 80	0 / 82	NR
Launay O, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost MV D614	Boost BNT162b2	0.5	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities	0 / 85	0 / 82	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	3.2	Healthy adults	0 / 513	0 / 252	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Search studies

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Trial	Type	Comparisons		Design	Participants	Sample size	Overall risk of bias Highest assessment	Full description
		Intervention 1	Intervention 2
NCT04651790 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Abarca K, medRxiv, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Coronavac D0/28	RCT Phase 3	Healthy adults including health care workers with no history of confirmed symptomatic SARS CoV-2 infection at eight centres in Chile	N=2302	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04510207, ChiCTR2000034780 Sinopharm-Wuhan Al Kaabi N, JAMA, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	WIBP-CorV	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 3	Healthy adults free of known COVID-19 or HIV infection at 3 centres in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain	N=26941	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04510207, ChiCTR2000034780 Sinopharm-Beijing Al Kaabi N, JAMA, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 3	Healthy adults free of known COVID-19 or HIV infection at 3 centres in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain	N=26941	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05033847 National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China; Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group Co + Beijing Institute of Biological Products Al Kaabi N, Sig Transduct Target, 2022 Full text Commentary	Heterologous booster	Boost NVSI-06-07 after prime vaccination BBIBP-CorV Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)after prime vaccination BBIBP-CorV Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m) after prime vaccination BBIBP-CorV	Boost BBIBP-CorV after prime vaccination BBIBP-CorV Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m) after prime vaccination BBIBP-CorV Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m) after prime vaccination BBIBP-CorV	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection who had previously received a primary series (two doses) of BBIBP-CorV at a single center in United Arab Emirates	N=1800	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05293548 National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China, Beijing Zhong Sheng Heng Pharmaceutical Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products; Sinopharm-Beijing Al Kaabi N, Signal Transduct. Ther., 2023 New Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	BBIBP-CorV/Boost NVSI-06-09	BBIBP-CorV/Boost BBIBP-CorV	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults previously vaccinated with two or three doses of BBIBP-CorV at least 6 months prior to enrollment at a single center in United Arab Emirates	N=516	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04651790 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Bueno S, Clin Infect Dis, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3 mcg D0/14	Adjuvant D0/14	RCT Phase 3	Adult healthcare workers with no history of confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection who were in contact with possible or confirmed cases of COVID-19 in 8 sites in Chile.	N=434	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2100051998 Sinovac Research and Development Co. Ltd.; Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical + Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Cao Y, Cell Res, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac + Booster ZF2001	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	RCT Phase 2	Healthcare professionals with no previous confirmed COVID-19 at a single center in China who had received two doses of CoronaVac in a 28-day interval 4–8 months earlier	N=164	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04412538 Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS). Che Y, Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	KMS-1 SARS-CoV-2 inactivated virus vaccine - medium dose (100 EU) x 2 doses on day 0/14 KMS-1 SARS-CoV-2 inactivated virus vaccine - high dose (150 EU) x 2 doses on day 0/14 KMS-1 SARS-CoV-2 inactivated virus vaccine - medium dose (100 EU) x 2 doses on day 0/14 KMS-1 SARS-CoV-2 inactivated virus vaccine - high dose (150 EU) x 2 doses on day 0/14	aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in saline buffer	RCT Phase 2	Healthy SARS-CoV-2 serology/DNA negative adults in two centres in China	N=750	Some concerns Details	Full description
RBR–9nn3scw AstraZeneca+University of Oxford/Sinovac/Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies/Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Costa Clemens SA, Lancet, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	CoronaVac/Boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac/Boost ChAdOx1 CoronaVac/Boost AD26.COV2-S	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	RCT Phase 4	Healthy adults with no history of confirmed covid-19 who had previously received 2 doses of CoronaVac at two centers in Brazil	N=1240	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04641481 Bharat Biotech Ella R, Lancet, 2021 b Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 3	Adults with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection who were healthy or had stable chronic medical conditions at 25 centers in India	N=25798	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04471519 Bharat Biotech Ella R, Lancet Infect Dis, 2021 b Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Inactivated virus	BBV152 6mcg + Algel-IMDG D0/28	BBV152 6mcg + Algel-IMDG D0/28	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults (<65 yo) and children (≥12 yo)volunteers, SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in 9 centres in India	N=380	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04471519 Bharat Biotech Ella R, Lancet Infect Dis, 2021 a Updated Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	2 dose 3mcg BBV152 nCoV-19 vaccine + Algel-IMDG adjuvant, Days 0/14, 0.5mL 2 dose 6mcg BBV152 nCoV-19 vaccine + Algel-IMDG adjuvant, Days 0/14, 0.5mL 2 dose 6mcg BBV152 nCoV-19 vaccine + Algel adjuvant, Days 0/14, 0.5mL	Adjuvant (Algel)	RCT Phase 1	Healthy SARS-CoV-2 serology/PCR negative adults in 11 centres in India	N=375	Some concerns Details	Full description
INA-GO0HLGB AstraZeneca+University of Oxford;Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma; Sinovac, Ltd Fadlyana E, Lancet Infect Dis, 2023 New Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	CoronaVac + boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac + boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac = booster BNT162b2 (half dose) Coronavac + boost ChAdOx1 (half dose)	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac CoronaVac + boost BNT162b2 CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	RCT *	Healthy adults without a history of laboratory confirmed COVID-19 within one month prior recruitment in 5 centres in Indonesia	N=960	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04508075 ; INA-WXFM0YX Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Fadlyana E, Vaccine, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Placebo	RCT Phase 3	Healthy adults aged 18 - 59 years, seropositive and seronegative, at a single center in Indonesia	N=1620	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2100041705, ChiCTR2100041706 Sinopharm-Beijing Feng Y, Infect. Dis. Poverty, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV 0-14D BBIBP-CorV 0-21D	BBIBP-CorV 0-28D	RCT 4	Healthy adults from high-risk occupational population at a single center in China	N=809	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000031809 Sinopharm-Wuhan Guo W, EClinicalMedicine, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	WIBP-CorV 5 mcg D0/21	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 1-2	Healthy adults with no history of COVID-19 at 5 centers in China.	N=1120	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04551547 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Han B, Lancet Infect Dis, 2021 Full text (21)00319-4/fulltext; Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 1.5 mcg D0/28 CoronaVac 3 mcg D0/28	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 1/2	Healthy children and adolescents aged 3-17 years with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a single centre in China.	N=552	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05046548 Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS Ishmukhametov AA, medRxiv, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoviVac D0/D14	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 1-2	Adults aged 18-60 without immunosuppression, seronegative and seropositive, at 3 centers in the Russian Federation	N=400	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05043259 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology / Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Jin L, Emerg. microbes & infect., 2022 Full text Full text Full text Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	Heterologous booster	CoronaVac/Boost high-dose aerosolized Ad5-nCoV CoronaVac/Boost low-dose aerosolized Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	RCT Phase 1-2	Healthy adults without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection who completed two-dose priming with CoronaVac in the past 3-9 months at a single center in China	N=420	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04952727 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology ; Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Jin P, medRxiv, 2022 a Full text Commentary Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	CoronaVac/Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	RCT Phase 4	Adults aged ≥60 years without severe or unstable comorbidities or confirmed history of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection at a single center in China.	N=199	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04952727 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology ; Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Jin P, medRxiv, 2022 b Full text Commentary Commentary	Heterologous vaccination scheme	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	RCT Phase 4	Adults aged ≥60 years without severe or unstable comorbidities or confirmed history of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection at a single center in China.	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04691908 Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan Khairullin B, EClinicalMedicine, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	QazCovid-in 5mcg D0/D21	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 3	Healthy adults or those with chronic diseases, with no known or suspected history of COVID-19 at 3 centers in Kazakhstan	N=3000	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04671017; ISRCTN 82411169 Valneva Austria GmbH Lazarus R, J Infect, 2022 Full text Full text Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	VL A2001 3AU VL A2001 3AU	VL A2001 35AU VL A2001 7AU	RCT Phase 1-2	Healthy adult volunteers aged 18-55 at 4 centers in the UK	N=153	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04864561 Valneva Lazarus R, Lancet Infect Dis, 2022 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	VLA2001	ChAdOx1	RCT Phase 3	Medically stable adults, 30 years and older, at 26 centers in the UK.	N=2975	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04892459 Sinovac Research and Development Co Ltd+CanSino Biological Inc / Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Li J, Nat. Med., 2022 Full text Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	RCT Phase 4	Healthy adults with no previous clinical or virologic COVID-19 diagnosis or SARS-CoV-2 infection at one centre in China	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04892459 Sinovac Research and Development Co Ltd + CanSino Biological Inc /Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Li J, Nat. Med., 2022 Full text Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	CoronaVac/boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	CoronaVac/boost	RCT Phase 4	Healthy adults with no previous clinical or virologic COVID-19 diagnosis or SARS-CoV-2 infection at one centre in China	N=200	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04383574 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Li M, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3 mcg	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults aged ≥60 years with no known history of COVID-19 or recent exposure in a single center in China.	N=350	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000039462 Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co. Ltd.; Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd. Liu J, J Infect Dis, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	KCONVAC 10mcg D0/28/56 KCONVAC 5mcg D0/28/56	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults aged 18-59 and ≥60 with no history of COVID-19 and seronegative at a single center in China	N=500	Low Details	Full description
NCT04962906; NCT05027672 Gamaleya Research Institute, AstraZeneca+University of Oxford;Moderna;Sinopharm Macchia A, Lancet Reg Health Am, 2022 Full text Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	RCT Phase 2	Adults who had received the first dose (rAd26) of the Sputnik V vaccine at least 30 days earlier and no history of SARS-CoV-2 at a single centre in Argentina	N=540	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04611243 Sinovac/Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Mok C K P, Am. J. Respir. Crit., 2022 Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	CoronaVac/Boost BNT162b2	RCT *	Adults that had received two doses of CoronaVac but had low immune response against SARS-CoV-2 at two centres in Hong Kong, China	N=80	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04456595 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Palacios R, SSRN, 2021 PROFISCOV Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	Adjuvant D0/14	RCT Phase 3	Healthcare professionals with or without previous COVID-19 infection caring for COVID-19 patients at 16 centers in Brazil.	N=12408	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04352608 Sinovac Research and Development Co Ltd Pan H , medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3mcg 0/14/194 CoronaVac 6mcg 0/14/194	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults 18-59 years that were SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody free at a single centre in China	N=150	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04352608 Sinovac Research and Development Co Ltd Pan H , medRxiv, 2021 b Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3mcg 0/28/208 CoronaVac 6mcg 0/28/208	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults 18-59 years that were SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody free at a single centre in China	N=150	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04352608 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Pan H , medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3mcg 0/28/56 CoronaVac 6mcg 0/28/56	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults 18-59 years that were SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody free at a single centre in China	N=150	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04352608 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Pan H, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14/42 CoronaVac 6mcg D0/14/42	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults 18-59 years that were SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody free at a single centre in China	N=150	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04758273, ChiCTR2000038804 Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products and Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Pan HX, Chin Med J, 2022 a Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	KCONVAC 5mcg D0/14	KCONVAC 10mcg D0/14	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adult volunteers, 18 to 59 years of age, with no history of COVID-19 and HIV- and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in China.	N=60	Low Details	Full description
NCT04756323, ChiCTR2000039462 Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products and Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Pan HX, Chin Med J, 2022 b Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	5mcg KCONVAC D0/14 5mcg KCONVAC D0/14 5mcg KCONVAC D0/28 5mcg KCONVAC D0/28 5mcg KCONVAC D0/14 10mcg KCONVAC D0/14	10mcg KCONVAC D0/14 5mcg KCONVAC D0/14 10mcg KCONVAC D0/28 Adjuvant Adjuvant Adjuvant	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adult volunteers with no history of COVID-19 and HIV- and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in China.	N=500	Low Details	Full description
NCT04764422 The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO); PATH; Dynavax Pitisuttithum P, medRxiv, 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	NDV-HXP-S 1mcg NDV-HXP-S 1mcg + CpG1018 NDV-HXP-S 3mcg NDV-HXP-S 3mcg + CpG1018 NDV-HXP-S 10mcg NDV-HXP-S 1mcg	Placebo	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adults without immunosuppression negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at a single center in Thailand	N=210	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04412538 The Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAM Pu J, Vaccine, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	2 IM doses of 100 EU SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine (medium dose), on day 0,14 2 IM doses of 100 EU SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine (medium dose), on day 0, 28	2 IM doses of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in saline buffer, on day 0, 14	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adults aged 18 to 59 years, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid or antibodies negative in a single centre in China	N=192	Some concerns Details	Full description
CTRI/2021/08/035648 AstraZeneca + University of Oxford; Bharat Biotech Rose W, SSRN, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	ChadOx1/boostBBV152 BBV152/boostChadOx1	ChadOx1/boostChadOx1 BBV152 Booster	RCT Phase 4	Adults that were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in India	N=405	Low Details	Full description
NCT04582344 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Tanriover M, Lancet , 2021 Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 3	Healthy healthcare workers and adults aged 18–59 years with no history of COVID-19 from 24 centres in Turkey	N=10218	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04942405 Erciyes University, Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB);Sinovac Research and Development Tanriover M, Vaccines, 2022 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	TURKOVAC	CoronaVac	RCT Phase 3	Adults including healthy and with stable co-morbidities with no history of COVID-19 in 8 centres in Türkiye.	N=1290	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04471519; CTRI/2021/04/032942 Bharat Biotech Vadrevu KM, Sci Rep, 2022 Full text Full text Commentary Commentary	Inactivated virus	Boost BBV152 after prime vaccination BBV152 6mcg D0/28	Placebo after prime vaccination BBV152 6mcg D0/28	RCT Phase 2	Adolescents and adults aged 12-64 years with no history of confirmed COVID-19, who had received a 2-dose schedule of the same vaccine 6 months previously at 9 centers in India.	N=184	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04383574 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Wu Z, Lancet Infect Dis, 2021 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac, 1.5mcg virus material inactivated SARS-CoV-2 whole virion vaccine, day 0/28 CoronaVac, 3mcg virus material inactivated SARS-CoV-2 whole virion vaccine, day 0/28 CoronaVac, 6mcg virus material inactivated SARS-CoV-2 whole virion vaccine, day 0/28	Adjuvant (Aluminum hydroxide)	RCT Phase 1/2	Healthy adults aged 60 years and older with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a single centre in China	N=422	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000032459 Sinopharm-Beijing Xia S , Lancet, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 1-2	Healthy children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years free from SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibodies at a single centre in China	N=1008	Low Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000032459 Sinopharm-Beijing Xia S, Lancet Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	BBIBP 4mcg	Placebo	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adults SARS-CoV-2 serology negative adults in a single centre in China	N=192	Low Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000031809 Sinopharm-Wuhan Xia S, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	WIBP-CorV 5mcg-D0/28/56	Placebo	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adults, aged 18 to 59 years, without history ofSARS-CoV(via on-site inquiry) or SARS-CoV-2 infection (via serologicaland nucleic acid test	N=96	Low Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000032459 Sinopharm-Beijing Xia S, Lancet Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV 8mcg Day 0	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 2	Healthy SARS-CoV-2 serology negative adults 18-59 years old in a single centre in China	N=448	Some concerns Details	Full description
ChiCTR2000031809 Sinopharm-Wuhan Xia S, JAMA, 2020 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	WIBP-CorV 5mcg-D0/14	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults, aged 18 to 59 years, without history ofSARS-CoV(via on-site inquiry) or SARS-CoV-2 infection (via serologicaland nucleic acid test	N=224	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04530357 Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan Zakarya K, EClinicalMedicine, 2021 a Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	QazCovid-in	Placebo	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adults with no history of COVID-19 that tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 and HIV virus at a single centre in Kazakhstan.	N=44	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04530357 Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan Zakarya K , EClinicalMedicine, 2021 Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	QazCovid-in	QazCovid-in D1	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults with no history of COVID-19 that tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 and HIV virus at a single centre in Kazakhstan.	N=200	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04352608, NCT04383574 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Zeng G, Lancet Infect Dis, 2021 Full text Full text Commentary	Inactivated virus	Coronavac + boost CoronaVac 2m Coronavac + boost CoronaVac 8m Coronavac + boost CoronaVac 2m	Placebo Placebo Coronavac + boost CoronaVac 8m	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults and older adults without suspected or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2 centres in China	N=510	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04352608 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Zhang Y, Lancet Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 3 mcg D0/14 CoronaVac 6 mcg D0/14 CoronaVac 3 mcg D0/28 CoronaVac 6 mcg D0/28	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 2	Healthy SARS-CoV-2 serology/DNA negative adults in a single centre in China	N=600	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04352608 Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Zhang Y, Lancet Infect Dis, 2020 Full text Commentary ; Commentary	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac 6 mcg D0/28 CoronaVac 3 mcg D0/28 CoronaVac 6 mcg D0/14 CoronaVac 3 mcg D0/14	Adjuvant	RCT Phase 1	Healthy SARS-CoV-2 serology/DNA negative adults in a single centre in China	N=144	Some concerns Details	Full description

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