Covid-19 living Data

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)

Methods

Protocol

Analyses are updated every two weeks

meta-COVID

Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data, create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

Vaccine types

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs placebo / no vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety against variants of concern (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heterologous vs homologous vaccination (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2021	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	3,706 (96)	2,698 (94)	1.37 [1.10, 1.72]	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA - (BAU)/mL
Janssen C, 2021	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	28	Adults	2,690 (103)	3,995 (97)	0.67 [0.55, 0.82]	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA - (BAU)/mL
Liu X, 2021	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses ChAdOx1	28	Adults	12,995 (108)	1,387 (105)	9.3 [7.7, 11]	SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG, ELISA -ELU/mL
Liu X, 2021	1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	7,133 (109)	13,938 (110)	0.51 [0.41, 0.6]	SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG, ELISA -ELU/mL
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	942 (51)	154 (50)	NR	RBD-specific IgG ELISA

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2021	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	523 (96)	396 (94)	NR	CPE-based VNT virus neutralization test-Vero cells - (BAU)/mL
Liu X, 2021	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses ChAdOx1	28	Adults	515 (101)	61 (101)	8.5 [6.5, 11]	Pseudotype virus neutralising antibody, NT50
Liu X, 2021	1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	383 (104)	574 (102)	0.67 [0.51, 0.88]	Pseudotype virus neutralising antibody, NT50
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	54 (51)	13 (50)	4.3 [2.5, 7.3]	CPE-based microneutralization assay-wild-type

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
								A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	1 / 179	3 / 180	0.34 [0.04 - 3.19]
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	3 / 181	3 / 180	0.99 [0.2 - 4.86]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 180	2 / 175	1.46 [0.25 - 8.62]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 177	2 / 175	1.48 [0.25 - 8.77]
Janssen C, 2021	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	0.9	Adults	0 / 102	0 / 101	NR
Janssen C, 2021	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	0.9	Adults	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Liu X, 2021	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Adults	0 / 114	1 / 115	0.34 [0.01 - 8.17]
Liu X, 2021	1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Adults	0 / 115	0 / 119	NR
Macchia A, 2022	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	1	Adults	0 / 87	0 / 65	NR
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 51	0 / 50	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster vs no booster (tables)

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	Vaccine efficacy [95% CI]	Risk of bias
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	1.7	Adults	0 / 13883	6 / 14303	100.0 [, ]

Efficacy
Severe or critical COVID-19 after complete vaccination
Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 after complete vaccination

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	VE [95% CI]
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	1.7	Adults	15 / 13883	155 / 14303	92.4 [86.9, 95.6]
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	6 / 4695	123 / 4671	95.3 [89.5, 98.3]

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	11,119 (80)	7,109 (87)	NR	ELISA
Hall VG, 2021	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost mRNA-1273	Placebo	28	Transplant recipients	3,145 (60)	86 (57)	36.5 [ 12.9, 94]	Roche Elecsys

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies
Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,368 (97)	80 (101)	26.98 [21.88, 33.26]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	373 (99)	80 (101)	5.06 [4.11, 6.23]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,344 (103)	80 (101)	15.14 [12.32, 18.60]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,019 (91)	175 (98)	12.04 [9.95, 14.58]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	487 (91)	175 (98)	2.57 [2.13, 3.12]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,339 (92)	175 (98)	6.91 [5.70, 8.37]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	193 (98)	85 (90)	2.47 [1.96, 3.11]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	727 (87)	85 (90)	8.86 [7.00, 11.22]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	470 (86)	85 (90)	5.89 [4.64, 7.46]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	950 (98)	157 (111)	6.01 [4.87, 7.41]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	766 (94)	157 (111)	5.39 [4.35, 6.67]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	606 (89)	157 (111)	3.50 [2.81, 4.36]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,621 (93)	70 (91)	21.58 [16.93, 27.51]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	202 (89)	70 (91)	2.68 [2.10, 3.43]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	147 (95)	70 (91)	2.01 [1.57, 2.55]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	563 (95)	70 (91)	6.85 [5.37, 8.73]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,789 (95)	205 (93)	8.35 [6.88, 10.14]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	289 (91)	205 (93)	1.38 [1.14, 1.68]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	234 (87)	205 (93)	1.22 [1.00, 1.49]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,441 (75)	205 (93)	7.84 [6.37, 9.64]	PNA
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	746 (80)	101 (87)	NR	PRNT

Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2; N1GMR: Geometric mean ratio

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 112	0 / 114	3.05 [0.13 - 74.16]
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 119	0 / 114	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 116	0 / 114	NR
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 106	0 / 112	3.17 [0.13 - 76.94]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 111	0 / 109	2.95 [0.12 - 71.54]
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 115	0 / 109	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 108	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 109	1 / 118	0.36 [0.01 - 8.76]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 114	1 / 118	1.04 [0.07 - 16.35]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2 / 112	1 / 118	2.11 [0.19 - 22.91]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	1 / 105	0.33 [0.01 - 8.01]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	3 / 109	1 / 105	2.89 [0.31 - 27.34]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 111	1 / 105	0.32 [0.01 - 7.66]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 108	1 / 105	0.97 [0.06 - 15.34]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 109	0 / 109	3 [0.12 - 72.84]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 110	0 / 109	2.97 [0.12 - 72.18]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	0 / 109	NR
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	16 / 5055	24 / 5020	0.66 [0.35 - 1.24]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	5.2	Adults	11 / 13883	24 / 14303	0.47 [0.23 - 0.96]
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	0 / 5055	1 / 5020	0.33 [0.01 - 8.12]

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster VS booster (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Li JX, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	6,175 (140)	670 (140)	NR	ELISA
Li JX, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	4,625 (140)	670 (140)	NR	ELISA
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	674,267 (333)	48,405 (281)	13.4 [11.6, 15.3]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	335,213 (296)	48,405 (281)	7.0 [6.1, 8.1]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	336,851 (294)	48,405 (281)	6.7 [5.8, 7.7]	multiplex immunoassay
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07	Boost BBIBP-CorV	14	Adults	4,781 (267)	302 (270)	15.82 [13.44, 18.61]	ELISA
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	28	Healthcare workers	4,379 (112)	2,671 (111)	NR	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	28	Healthcare workers	403 (106)	4,379 (112)	NR	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	28	Healthcare workers	403 (106)	2,671 (111)	NR	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	10,417 (81)	7,496 (40)	NR	ELISA
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FR-1-50 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	Boost FR-1	14	Healthy adults	72 (51)	99 (58)	NR	ELISA
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	3,090 (96)	369 (102)	NR	RBD-specific IgG ELISA
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	1,975 (209)	1,664 (209)	NR	ELISA

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Li JX, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	714 (140)	79 (140)	NR	CPE-based microneutralisation
Li JX, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	744 (140)	79 (140)	NR	CPE-based microneutralisation
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	4,326 (49)	211 (46)	21.5 [14.5, 31.9]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	2,137 (52)	211 (46)	10.6 [7.2, 15.6]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	1,844 (47)	211 (46)	8.7 [5.9, 12.9]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07	Boost BBIBP-CorV	14	Adults	1,335 (267)	296 (270)	4.36 [3.70, 5.13]	live-virus neutralization
Mok C K P, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	30	Adults	17 (40)	207 (40)	NR	PRNT90
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	28	Healthcare workers	2,007 (54)	1,446 (53)	NR	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	28	Healthcare workers	235 (50)	2,007 (54)	NR	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	28	Healthcare workers	235 (50)	1,446 (53)	NR	PRNT
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	1,306 (81)	794 (40)	NR	CPE
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FR-1-50 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	Boost FR-1	28	Healthy adults	33 (51)	43 (55)	NR	Conventional virus neutralization test
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	197 (96)	34 (102)	5.9 [4.5, 7.7]	Cytopathic effect-based microneutralization assay- wild-type SARS-CoV-2
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	96 (207)	97 (203)	NR	Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT)

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	1	Kidney transplant recipients	2 / 99	3 / 99	0.67 [0.11 - 3.9]
Li JX, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 140	0 / 140	NR
Li JX, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 140	0 / 140	NR
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 339	0 / 291	2.58 [0.11 - 62.99]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 304	0 / 291	2.87 [0.12 - 70.22]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	3 / 305	0 / 291	6.68 [0.35 - 128.75]
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07	Boost BBIBP-CorV	1	Adults	2 / 899	2 / 901	1 [0.14 - 7.1]
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 30	0 / 30	NR
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 31	0 / 30	NR
Poh XY, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	0 / 48	0 / 50	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 112	0 / 111	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 106	0 / 112	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 106	0 / 111	NR
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 96	0 / 102	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	1	Kidney transplant recipients	0 / 99	1 / 99	0.33 [0.01 - 8.08]
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FR-1-50 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	Boost FR-1	1	Healthy adults	0 / 55	0 / 58	NR

Trials reports under extraction

In addition to the below included trials, we have included and presently extracting 16 new vaccine randomized trials

Description of primary studies

In this table, we report the main characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates from RCTs identified, in addition to the overall risk of bias assessment.

As of January 2022, we will extract and present results of early phase trials only when the dose has been selected. Results from phase 1-2 studies are included in forest plots for the chosen vaccine dose and schedule only.

Search studies

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Trial	Type	Comparisons		Design	Participants	Sample size	Overall risk of bias Highest assessment	Full description
		Intervention 1	Intervention 2
NCT04922788 Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC. Nguyen TP, medRxiv, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	Nanocovax	Placebo	RCT Phase 3	Healthy adult without previous or current SARS-CoV-2 infection in four centres in Vietnam.	N=13007	Some concerns Details	Full description
TCTR20210722003 AstraZeneca+University of Oxford Nanthapisal S, Vaccine, 2022 Updated Full text Commentary Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	CoronaVac/Boost ChAdOx1	CoronaVac Boosted by low dose ChAdOx1	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adult volunteers with no history or current infection with SARS-CoV-2 who had completed two doses of CoronaVac at 2 centres in Thailand.	N=422	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04540419 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Lioznov D, medRxiv, 2022 Prometheus Full text Commentary Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	Ad5-nCoV 5x10^10vp D0	Placebo	RCT phase 3	Healthy adult volunteers without obesity with no current or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in 6 centres in Russia.	N=500	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04951388 Medigen Vaccine Biologics+Dynavax+NIAID Liu LTC, medRxiv, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	MVC-COV1901 15 mcg D0/28	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with no serious medical conditions and no previous SARS-CoV-1 infection or vaccination at 5 centers in Taiwan.	N=399	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04962906; NCT05027672 Gamaleya Research Institute, AstraZeneca+University of Oxford;Moderna;Sinopharm Macchia A, Lancet Reg Health Am, 2022 Full text Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	RCT Phase 2	Adults who had received the first dose (rAd26) of the Sputnik V vaccine at least 30 days earlier and no history of SARS-CoV-2 at a single centre in Argentina	N=540	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05142319 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma; ModernaTX Poh XY, SSRN, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	Boost mRNA-1273 after prime vaccination with BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 after prime vaccination with BNT162b2	RCT 3	Adults at a single center in Singapore with no previous history of COVID-19 who had received a primary series of BTN162b2 at least 6 months previously	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04955626 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Moreira E D, N Engl J Med, 2022 Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	Boost BNT162b2 after prime vaccination with BNT162b2	BNT162b2	RCT Phase 3	Adults and adolescents (from age of 16 years) that had received two doses BNT162b2 in a previous trial at least 6 months previously and had no history of COVID-19 at 123 sites in Brazil, South Africa, and the USA	N=10136	Some concerns Details	Full description
RPCEC00000346 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) Hernandez-Bernal, medRxiv, 2021 (a) ABDALA Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	25mcg CIGB D0/D14/D28 25mcg CIGB D0/D28/D56 50mcg CIGB D0/D28/D56 50mcg CIGB D0/D14/D28	Placebo	RCT Phase 1	Healthy adults that were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free and with no recent contact or high-risk of exposure to COVID-19 at a single center in Cuba	N=132	Some concerns Details	Full description
RPCEC00000346 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) Hernandez-Bernal , medRxiv, 2021 (b) ABDALA Full text Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	25mcg CIGB D0/D14/D28 50mcg CIGB D0/D14/D28	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults 19 to 80 years old that were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free and with no recent contact or high-risk of exposure to COVID-19 at a single center in Cuba	N=726	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04677660 ModernaTX Masuda T, Vaccine, 2022 Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Placebo	RCT Phase 1-2	Healthy adults aged ≥ 20 years with no known history/risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection at 2 centers in Japan.	N=200	Some concerns Details	Full description

Abarca K, medrxiv, 2022	Safety and efficacy of two immunization schedules with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults. A randomized non-inferiority clinical trial.
Achiron A, J Neurol, 2022	Immune response to the third COVID-19 vaccine dose is related to lymphocyte count in multiple sclerosis patients treated with fingolimod.
Al Kaabi N, medRxiv, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of a hybrid-type vaccine booster in BBIBP-CorV recipients: a randomized controlled phase 2 trial
Dai L, N Engl J Med, 2022	Efficacy and Safety of the RBD-Dimer-Based Covid-19 Vaccine ZF2001 in Adults.
Hager KJ, N Engl J Med, 2022	Efficacy and Safety of a Recombinant Plant-Based Adjuvanted Covid-19 Vaccine.
Khobragade A, Lancet, 2022	Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the DNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ZyCoV-D): the interim efficacy results of a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in India.
Niyomnaitham S, medrxiv, 2022	Immunogenicity and reactogenicity against the SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous primary series involving CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 plus heterologous BNT162b2 booster vaccination: An open-label randomized study in healthy T
Niyomnaitham S, vaccine , 2022	Immunogenicity and reactogenicity against the SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous primary series involving CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 plus heterologous BNT162b2 booster vaccination: An open-label randomized study in healthy T
Shinkai M, medrxiv, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety of Booster Dose of S-268019-b or Tozinameran in Japanese Participants: An Interim Report of Phase 2/3, Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Noninferiority Study
Smolenov I, Lancet Infect Dis, 2022	Impact of previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and of S-Trimer (SCB-2019) COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of reinfection: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2 and 3 trial
Speich B, Clin Infect Dis, 2022	Antibody response in immunocompromised patients after the administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273: A randomised controlled trial.
Tawinprai K, Vaccine, 2022	Immunogenicity and safety of an intradermal fractional third dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccine compared with those of a standard intramuscular third dose in volunteers who previously received two doses of CoronaVac: A randomized contr
Thuluva S, medrxiv, 2022	Immunogenic superiority and safety of Biological E CORBEVAX vaccine compared to COVISHIELD (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccine studied in a phase III, single blind, multicenter, randomized clinical trial
Thuluva S, medRxiv, 2022	Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Biological E’s CORBEVAX™ vaccine in children and adolescents: A Prospective, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo controlled, Phase-2/3 Study
Xuan-Yi Wang, SSRN, 2022	Efficacy of Heterologous Boosting Using Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Protein Vaccine: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial
Zeng G, Lancet Infect Dis, 2021	Immunogenicity and safety of a third dose of CoronaVac, and immune persistence of a two-dose schedule, in healthy adults: interim results from two single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trials

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness(Randomized evidence)

Methods

meta-COVID

Vaccine types

Trials reports under extraction

Description of primary studies

Search studies

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)