Covid-19 living Data

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)

Methods

Protocol

Analyses are updated every two weeks

meta-COVID

Perform your own analysis using COVID-NMA data, create and download your forest plots by clicking below:

Vaccine types

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs placebo / no vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety for vaccine vs vaccine (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy and safety against variants of concern (forest plots)

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heterologous vs homologous vaccination (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
									A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	3,706 (96)	2,698 (94)	1.37 [1.10, 1.72]	ELISA
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	28	Adults	2,690 (103)	3,995 (97)	0.67 [0.55, 0.82]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	942 (51)	154 (50)	6.11 [3.90, 9.57]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	112 (20)	77 (20)	1.28 [1.09, 1.51]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 3week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	84 (17)	77 (20)	0.95 [0.80, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 a	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	21	Adolescents	74 (19)	77 (20)	1.10 [0.94, 1.30]	ELISA

N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	28	Adults	523 (96)	396 (94)	1.31 [1.02, 1.69]	CPE (cytopathic effect)-based virus neutralization test (VNT)
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	54 (51)	13 (50)	4.3 [2.5, 7.3]	CPE-based microneutralization assay-wild-type
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	14	Elderly	71 (47)	9 (46)	7.6 [4.1, 14.1]	Microneutralization assay

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
								A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Macchia A, 2022	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S	Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/BBIBP-CorV	1	Adults	0 / 87	0 / 65	NR
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	1 / 179	3 / 180	0.34 [0.04 - 3.19]
Stuart A, 2021 a	1 dose ChAdOx1 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses ChAdOx1	NR	Older adults	3 / 181	3 / 180	0.99 [0.2 - 4.86]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose NVX-CoV2373	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 180	2 / 175	1.46 [0.25 - 8.62]
Stuart A, 2021 b	1 dose BNT162b2 followed by 1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	NR	Older adults	3 / 177	2 / 175	1.48 [0.25 - 8.77]
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2/1 dose mRNA-1273	2 doses BNT162b2	0.9	Adults	0 / 102	0 / 101	NR
Janssen C, 2022	1 dose mRNA-1273 /1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses mRNA-1273	0.9	Adults	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Li J, 2022	1 dose CoronaVac / 1 dose Ad5-vectored	2 doses CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 51	0 / 50	NR
Liu X, 2022	1 dose ChAdOx1/ 1 dose BNT162b2	2 doses ChAdOx1	8.3	Adults	2 / 114	1 / 115	2.02 [0.19 - 21.94]
Liu X, 2022	1 dose BNT162b2 /1 dose ChAdOx1	2 doses BNT162b2	8.3	Adults	2 / 115	1 / 119	2.07 [0.19 - 22.51]
Jin P, 2022 b	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 50	2 / 50	0.5 [0.05 - 5.33]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster vs no booster (tables)

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	Vaccine efficacy [95% CI]	Risk of bias
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	1.7	Adults	0 / 13883	6 / 14303	100.0 [, ]

Efficacy
Severe or critical COVID-19 after complete vaccination
Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 after complete vaccination

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	VE [95% CI]
	A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	6 / 4695	123 / 4671	95.3 [89.5, 98.3]
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	1.7	Adults	15 / 13883	155 / 14303	92.4 [86.9, 95.6]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	38 / 4935	72 / 4934	47.8 [22.6, 64.7]

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Hall VG, 2021	RNA based vaccine	mRNA-1273	Boost mRNA-1273	Placebo	28	Transplant recipients	3,145 (60)	86 (57)	36.5 [ 12.9, 94]	Roche Elecsys
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	7,013 (80)	4,294 (87)	1.56 [1.06, 2.28]	ELISA
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	4,379 (112)	107 (105)	40,92 [23,33, 71,78]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	403 (106)	107 (105)	3,76 [2,11, 6,69]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,671 (111)	107 (105)	24,96 [14,11, 44,14]	Liaison SARS CoV-2 TrimericS IgG

Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2; GMT1: Geometric mean titre for intervention 1; GMT2: Geometric mean titre for intervention 2; N1GMR: Geometric mean ratio

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT1(N1)	GMT2(N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,019 (91)	175 (98)	12.04 [9.95, 14.58]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	487 (91)	175 (98)	2.57 [2.13, 3.12]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,339 (92)	175 (98)	6.91 [5.70, 8.37]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	950 (98)	157 (111)	6.01 [4.87, 7.41]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	766 (94)	157 (111)	5.39 [4.35, 6.67]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	606 (89)	157 (111)	3.50 [2.81, 4.36]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,789 (95)	205 (93)	8.35 [6.88, 10.14]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	289 (91)	205 (93)	1.38 [1.14, 1.68]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	234 (87)	205 (93)	1.22 [1.00, 1.49]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,441 (75)	205 (93)	7.84 [6.37, 9.64]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2,368 (97)	80 (101)	26.98 [21.88, 33.26]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	373 (99)	80 (101)	5.06 [4.11, 6.23]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,344 (103)	80 (101)	15.14 [12.32, 18.60]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	193 (98)	85 (90)	2.47 [1.96, 3.11]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	727 (87)	85 (90)	8.86 [7.00, 11.22]	PNA
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	470 (86)	85 (90)	5.89 [4.64, 7.46]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1,621 (93)	70 (91)	21.58 [16.93, 27.51]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	202 (89)	70 (91)	2.68 [2.10, 3.43]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	147 (95)	70 (91)	2.01 [1.57, 2.55]	PNA
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Adults, elderly, health care workers	563 (95)	70 (91)	6.85 [5.37, 8.73]	PNA
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	14	Healthy adults	1,453 (199)	157 (221)	NR	Live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay.
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	28	Adolescents and adults	746 (80)	101 (87)	7.41 [2.96, 18.51]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	2,007 (54)	73 (54)	27.49 [15.23, 49.60]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	235 (50)	73 (54)	3.21 [1.74, 5.93]	PRNT
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	28	Healthcare workers	1,446 (53)	73 (54)	19.80 [10.66, 36.79]	PRNT

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	16 / 5055	24 / 5020	0.66 [0.35 - 1.24]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 106	0 / 112	3.17 [0.13 - 76.94]
Munro A, 2021 f	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 112	NR
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 109	1 / 118	0.36 [0.01 - 8.76]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 114	1 / 118	1.04 [0.07 - 16.35]
Munro A, 2021 b	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	2 / 112	1 / 118	2.11 [0.19 - 22.91]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 109	0 / 109	3 [0.12 - 72.84]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 110	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 110	0 / 109	2.97 [0.12 - 72.18]
Munro A, 2021 d	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost mRNA1273	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 112	0 / 114	3.05 [0.13 - 74.16]
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost CVnCov	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 119	0 / 114	NR
Munro A, 2021 e	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 116	0 / 114	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost ChadOx1	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 111	0 / 109	2.95 [0.12 - 71.54]
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 115	0 / 109	NR
Munro A , 2021 a	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Novavax half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 108	0 / 109	NR
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 106	1 / 105	0.33 [0.01 - 8.01]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	3 / 109	1 / 105	2.89 [0.31 - 27.34]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost VLA2001 half dose	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	0 / 111	1 / 105	0.32 [0.01 - 7.66]
Munro A, 2021 c	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	2.7	Adults, elderly, health care workers	1 / 108	1 / 105	0.97 [0.06 - 15.34]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	NR	Healthy adults	6 / 5108	8 / 5110	0.75 [0.26 - 2.16]
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost m-RNA-1273	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 112	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost Ad26.COV2.S	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 106	0 / 105	NR
Sablerolles R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	Ad26.COV2.S	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	1	Healthcare workers	0 / 111	0 / 105	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Vadrevu KM, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBV152	Boost BBV152	Placebo	1	Adolescents and adults	0 / 80	0 / 87	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FINLAY-FR-1-50 mcg	Placebo	5.2	Adults	11 / 13883	24 / 14303	0.47 [0.23 - 0.96]
Moreira E D, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Placebo	2.5	Adults and adolescents	0 / 5055	1 / 5020	0.33 [0.01 - 8.12]
Wang X-Y, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac	Boost V-01	Placebo	2	Healthy adults	0 / 5108	0 / 5110	NR
Sung J, 2022		2 doses BNT162b2 or BBIBP	Boost Recombinant inactiv Bacillus subtilis spores	Boost active adjuvant	1.2	Healthy adults	0 / 9	0 / 7	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of booster VS booster (tables)

Immunogenicity
Geometric mean titre specific antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	674,267 (333)	48,405 (281)	13.4 [11.6, 15.3]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	335,213 (296)	48,405 (281)	7.0 [6.1, 8.1]	multiplex immunoassay
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	336,851 (294)	48,405 (281)	6.7 [5.8, 7.7]	multiplex immunoassay
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	48,465 (101)	55,215 (101)	0.87 [0.72, 1.06]	ELISA
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	1,975 (209)	1,664 (209)	1.19 [1.07, 1.31]	ELISA
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	3,090 (96)	369 (102)	8.37 [6.52, 10.75]	ELISA
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	10,417 (81)	7,496 (40)	*1.38 [, ]*	ELISA
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	6,175 (140)	670 (140)	9.21 [6.87, 12.35]	ELISA
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	4,625 (140)	670 (140)	6.9 [5.01, 9.50]	ELISA
Nantanee R, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2 (half dose)	Boost BNT162b2	14	Healthy adults	2,330 (50)	2,575 (50)	0.90 [0.77, 1.06]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	*	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 15mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (18)	2,828 (17)	0.91 [0.73, 1.13]	ELISA
Puthanakit T, 2022 b	*	CoronaVac 3 mcg (0.5mL)/BNT162b2 30 mcg or BNT162b2 20 mcg	Boost BNT162b2 10mcg	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg	14	Adolescents	0 (17)	2,828 (17)	0.73 [0.58, 0.91]	ELISA

Geometric mean titre neutralizing antibodies

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up days	Participants	GMT Boost1 (N1)	GMT Boost2 (N2)	GMR [95% CI]	Evaluated by	Risk of bias
											A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	4,326 (49)	211 (46)	21.5 [14.5, 31.9]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	2,137 (52)	211 (46)	10.6 [7.2, 15.6]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	28	Healthy adults	1,844 (47)	211 (46)	8.7 [5.9, 12.9]	Pseudovirus neutralisation titres
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	14	Adults	128 (101)	139 (101)	0.94 [0.76, 1.09]	Cytopathic effect-based virus neutralization test
Nanthapisal S, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac 21-28 days apart	Boost ChAdOx1-S standard dose	Boost ChAdOx1-S low-dose	14	Healthy adults	96 (207)	97 (203)	0.99 [0.97, 1.01]	Virus neutralization test (sVNT)
Mok C K P, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	30	Adults	17 (40)	207 (40)	NR	PRNT90
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	14	Healthy adults	197 (96)	34 (102)	5.9 [4.5, 7.7]	Cytopathic effect-based microneutralization assay- wild-type SARS-CoV-2
Cao Y, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ZF2001	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthcare workers	1,306 (81)	794 (40)	1.64 [1.09, 2.46]	CPE
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	14	Adults	1,335 (267)	296 (270)	4.36 [3.70, 5.13]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	14	Adults	1,813 (279)	328 (290)	5.75 [4.99, 6.63]	live-virus neutralization
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	14	Adults	1,907 (281)	449 (285)	4.38 [3.73, 5.15]	Live-virus neutralizationn
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	28	Healthy adults	43 (55)	33 (51)	1.29 [0.81, 2.06]	Conventional virus neutralization test
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	714 (140)	79 (140)	9.09 [5.65, 14.63]	CPE-based microneutralisation
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	14	Healthy adults	744 (140)	79 (140)	9.48 [6.09, 14.76]	CPE-based microneutralisation
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	14	Elderly	286 (98)	48 (100)	6.2 [4.7, 8.1]	Microneutralization assay
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	28	Healthcare workers	524 (83)	657 (85)	2.39 [1.99, 2.86]	ELISA
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	28	Healthcare workers	524 (83)	709 (85)	2.39 [1.99, 2.86]	ELISA
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	28	Healthcare workers	524 (83)	219 (85)	2.39 [1.99, 2.86]	ELISA
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	14	Healthy adults	1,999 (500)	3,358 (241)	1.68 [1.44, 1.96]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Beta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	19,760 (198)	20,969 (97)	0.91 [0.72, 1.14]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Delta vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	24,337 (99)	20,969 (97)	1.17 [0.9, 1.52]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron + Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	26,125 (96)	20,969 (97)	1.2 [0.92, 1.57]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay
Branche A, 2022	*	Completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous	Boost mRNA Omicron vaccine	Boost Original mRNA-1273 vaccine	15	Adults	19,167 (96)	20,969 (97)	0.85 [0.65, 1.1]	Pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay

Safety
Serious adverse events

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Bruminhent J, 2022	Inactivated virus	2 doses of CoronaVac (3–5 weeks apart) or followed by 1 dose of ChAdOx1 or 2 doses of ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost ChAdOx1	0.2	Kidney transplant recipients	0 / 40	0 / 37	NR
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 30	0 / 30	NR
Intapiboon P, 2021	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	CoronaVac 3mcg D0/14	CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 31	0 / 30	NR
Poh XY, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2	28	Adults	0 / 48	0 / 50	NR
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	1	Kidney transplant recipients	2 / 99	3 / 99	0.67 [0.11 - 3.9]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost BNT162b2	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 339	0 / 291	2.58 [0.11 - 62.99]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost ChAdOx1	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	1 / 304	0 / 291	2.87 [0.12 - 70.22]
Costa Clemens SA, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost AD26.COV2-S	Boost CoronaVac	1	Healthy adults	3 / 305	0 / 291	6.68 [0.35 - 128.75]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	NR	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Li J, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored	Boost Coronavac	1	Healthy adults	0 / 96	0 / 102	NR
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored high dose	Boost CoronaVac	6	Healthy adults	0 / 137	1 / 137	0.33 [0.01 - 8.11]
Jin L, 2022	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored low dose	Boost CoronaVac	6	Healthy adults	2 / 139	1 / 137	1.97 [0.18 - 21.49]
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	1 / 29	0 / 29	3 [0.13 - 70.59]
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	0.92	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Jin P, 2022 a	Inactivated virus	CoronaVac	Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	Boost CoronaVac	6	Elderly	1 / 99	0 / 100	3.03 [0.12 - 73.49]
Munro APS, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	1 / 39	0 / 39	3 [0.13 - 71.37]
Munro APS, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1 + boost BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2	Boost half dose m-RNA 1273	1.7	Healthy adults	2 / 44	0 / 44	5 [0.25 - 101.12]

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

All-cause mortality

Reference	Type of prime vaccination	Prime schedule	Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Follow up months	Participants	r1/N1	r2/N2	RR [95% CI]	Risk of bias
										A	B	C	D	E	Overall
Reindl-Schwaighofer R, 2021	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273	Boost Ad26COVS1	3	Kidney transplant recipients	4 / 99	4 / 99	1 [0.26 - 3.88]
Shinkai M, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost S-268019-b	Boost BNT162b2	*	Adults	0 / 101	0 / 103	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 1-3 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 1-3 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval 4-6 m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval 4-6 m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Al Kaabi N, 2022	Inactivated virus	BBIBP-CorV	Boost NVSI-06-07 (Interval >6m)	Boost BBIBP-CorV (Interval >6m)	*	Adults	NR	NR	NR
Toledo-Romani ME, 2021	Protein subunit	FINLAY-FR-2-25 mcg	Boost FR-1	Boost FINLAY-FR-2	1	Healthy adults	0 / 58	0 / 55	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 30	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 29	0 / 29	NR
Costa Clemens, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChadOx1	Boost 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	Boost ChadOx1	2.53	Adults	0 / 32	0 / 29	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273 (half dose)	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost mRNA-1273	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Chuang C-H, 2022	Non replicating viral vector	ChAdOx1	Boost BNT162b2	Boost MVC-COV1901	5.9	Healthcare workers	0 / 83	0 / 85	NR
Corominas J, 2022	RNA based vaccine	BNT162b2	Boost PHH-1V	Boost BNT162b2	3.2	Healthy adults	0 / 513	0 / 252	NR

r1: Number of events in intervention 1, r2: Number of events in intervention 2, N1: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 1; N2: Number of patients analyzed in intervention 2.

Trials reports under extraction

In addition to the below included trials, we have included and presently extracting 24 new vaccine randomized trials

Description of primary studies

In this table, we report the main characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates from RCTs identified, in addition to the overall risk of bias assessment.

As of January 2022, we will extract and present results of early phase trials only when the dose has been selected. Results from phase 1-2 studies are included in forest plots for the chosen vaccine dose and schedule only.

Search studies

Sort by: Most recent studiesFirst Author
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Trial	Type	Comparisons		Design	Participants	Sample size	Overall risk of bias Highest assessment	Full description
		Intervention 1	Intervention 2
NCT05158855 DreamTec Research Limited Sung J, Vaccines, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary	Heterologous booster	BNT162b2 or BBIBP/boost Recombinant Bacillus subtilis	BNT162b2 or BBIBP/boost Adjuvant	RCT *	Healthy adult volunteers that were HIV-negative and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free in a single centre in China.	N=16	Some concerns Details	Full description
TCTR20210923012 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Puthanakit T, Vaccine: X, 2022 b New Full text Commentary	RNA based vaccine	Boost BNT162b2 15 mcg after prime vaccination Coronavac/BNT162b2 Boost BNT162b2 10 mcg after prime vaccination Coronavac/BNT162b2	Boost BNT162b2 30mcg after prime vaccination Coronavac/BNT162b2	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adolescents with no prior COVID-19 infection or vaccination at a single center in Thailand.	N=52	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05142553 Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. ; Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma Corominas J, medRxiv, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary	Heterologous booster	BNT162b2/boostPHH-IV	BNT162b2/boostBNT	RCT Phase 2b	Healthy adults with no history of COVID-19 in 10 centres in Spain.	N=782	Some concerns Details	Full description
TCTR20210923012 Sinovac; Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Puthanakit T, Vaccine: X, 2022 a New Full text Commentary	Heterologous vaccination scheme	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 6week interva CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 3week interva CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 20 at 6week interva	CoronaVac followed by BNT162b2 30 at 3week interva	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adolescents with no prior COVID-19 infection or vaccination at a single center in Thailand.	N=76	Some concerns Details	Full description
IRCT20150303021315N23 ; NCT04944368 Vaxine/CinnaGen Tabarsi P, CMI, 2022 New Full text Commentary	Protein subunit	SpikoGen 2 doses 25mcg D0/21	Placebo	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adults or those with stable medical conditions, with or without prior COVID-19 infection, at a single center in Iran.	N=400	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04952727 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology ; Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Jin P, medRxiv, 2022 a New Full text Commentary Commentary	Non replicating viral vector	CoronaVac/Boost Ad5-vectored 5×10^10 vp	CoronaVac/Boost CoronaVac	RCT Phase 4	Adults aged ≥60 years without severe or unstable comorbidities or confirmed history of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection at a single center in China.	N=199	Low Details	Full description
NCT05289037 Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID); ModernaTX Branche A, medRxiv, 2022 New Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	2ndboost mRNA-1273Omicron + mRNA-1273Beta 2ndboost mRNA-1273Omicron + mRNA-1273 Delta 2ndboost mRNA-1273Omicron + mRNA-1273 2ndboost mRNA-1273 Omicron	2ndboost mRNA-1273	RCT Phase 2	Adults with completed primary and booster COVID-19 vaccine series, either homologous or heterologous, and in stable health at 22 centers in USA.	N=602	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT04952727 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology ; Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd Jin P, medRxiv, 2022 b New Full text Commentary Commentary	Heterologous vaccination scheme	CoronaVac/Ad5-nCoV	CoronaVac	RCT Phase 4	Adults aged ≥60 years without severe or unstable comorbidities or confirmed history of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection at a single center in China.	N=100	Low Details	Full description
TCTR20211027002 Pfizer/BioNTech+Fosun Pharma Nantanee R, Vaccine, 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary	RNA based vaccine	ChadOx1/boostBNT(half)	ChadOx1/boostBNT	RCT Phase 2	Healthy adult volunteers that were SARS-CoV-2 infection-free and had received 2 doses of ChAdOx as prime series, in a single centre in Thailand.	N=100	Some concerns Details	Full description
NCT05087368 Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./Dynavax ; AstraZeneca + University of Oxford Costa Clemens, Open Forum Infect. Dis., 2022 Full text Commentary Commentary Commentary Commentary	Protein subunit	ChAdOx1-S/booster 9 mcg SCB-2019 + alum ChAdOx1-S/booster 9 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum ChAdOx1-S/booster 30 mcg SCB-2019 + CpG + alum	ChadOx1/boostChadOx1	RCT Phase 2	Adults including healthy or stable co-morbidities with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection who had previously received 2 doses of ChAdOx1-S1-S vaccine 6 months (±4 weeks) before enrollment in 3 centers in Brazil	N=120	Some concerns Details	Full description

Al Kaabi N, medrxiv, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of a broad-spectrum mosaic vaccine as a booster dose against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other circulating variants
Al Kaabi N, Nat Commun, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of a hybrid-type vaccine booster in BBIBP-CorV recipients: a randomized controlled phase 2 trial
Anderson E, Research Square, 2022	Safety and Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine An Interim Analysis
Anez G, medrxiv, 2022	Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 in Adolescents in PREVENT-19: a Randomized, Phase 3 Trial
Bánki Z, EBioMedicine, 2022	Heterologous ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 vaccination induces stronger immune response than homologous ChAdOx1 vaccination: The pragmatic, multi-center, three-arm, partially randomized HEVACC trial.
Chen CJ, Nat Commun, 2022	A randomized controlled trial of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and recombinant subunit vaccine MVC-COV1901 against COVID-19
Corominas J, medRxiv, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of the protein-based PHH-IV compared to BNT162b2 as a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine in adults vaccinated against COVID-19: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority phase IIb trial.
Fadlyana E, SSRN, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety in Healthy Adults of Full-Dose Versus Half Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S or BNT162b2) or Full-Dose CoronaVac Administered as a Booster Dose after Priming with Coronavac: A Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Contr
Huang LM, Research Square, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine MVC-COV1901 in Taiwanese adolescents: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
Kulkarni PS, SSRN, 2022	Safety and Immunogenicity of SII-NVX-CoV2373 (COVID-19 Vaccine) In Adults in a Phase 2/3, Observer-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Study
Kundro MA, Public Health Pract (Oxf), 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous COVID-19 vaccine regimens to deal with product shortage: a randomised clinical trial in an elderly population
LAUNAY O, medrxiv, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety of Beta Adjuvanted Recombinant Booster Vaccine
Leung N H L, medrxiv, 2022	Homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2: a randomized trial (the Cobovax study)
Lien CE, SSRN, 2022	A Phase I, Prospective, Randomized, Open-Labeled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Booster Dose with MVC-COV1901 or MVC-COV1901(Beta) SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adults
Madhi, Lancet HIV, 2022	Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine in people living with and without HIV-1 infection: a randomised, controlled, phase 2A/2B trial
Mrak D, Nat Commun, 2022	Heterologous vector versus homologous mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccination in non-seroconverted immunosuppressed patients: a randomized controlled trial.
Niyomnaitham S, Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2022	Immunogenicity and reactogenicity against the SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous primary series involving CoronaVac, ChAdox1 nCov-19 and BNT162b2 plus BNT162b2 booster vaccination: An open-label randomized study in healthy Thai adul
Puthanakit T; Vaccine: X; 2022	Heterologous Prime-boost of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine and mRNA BNT162b2 among Healthy Thai Adolescents.
Rose W, SSRN, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety of Homologous and Heterologous Booster Vaccination of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELDTM) and BBV152 (COVAXINÂ®) in Previous Recipients of COVISHIELDTM or COVAXINÂ®: A Phase 4, Participant and Observer Blinded, Randomis
Sung JC, Vaccines, 2022	Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Bacillus subtilis Spores as a Heterologous Antibody Booster for COVID-19 Vaccines.
Tabarsi P, Clin Microbiol Infect, 2022	Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG55.2-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine: a Phase 3 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Tabarsi P, CMI, 2022	Safety and immunogenicity of SpikoGen®, an advax-cpg55.2-adjuvanted sars-cov-2 spike protein vaccine: a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial in both seropositive and seronegative populations.
Tabarsi P, Immunology, 2022	Immunogenicity and Safety of SpikoGenÂ®, an Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein vaccine as a Homologous and Heterologous Booster Vaccination: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Zhang Y, EClinicalMedicine, 2022	Immunogenicity, durability, and safety of an mRNA and three platform-based COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose following two doses of CoronaVac in China: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness(Randomized evidence)

Methods

meta-COVID

Vaccine types

Trials reports under extraction

Description of primary studies

Search studies

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness
(Randomized evidence)