Non-randomized studies

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Description of primary studies

In this table, we report the main characteristics of the NRS identified.

The link in the column Overall risk of bias will give you access to a complete description of the assessment of each risk of bias domain with supports for judgement. The overall risk of bias reported in the table corresponds to the highest risk of bias for the outcomes assessed for the systematic review. The link in the column Full description will give you access to the general characteristics of the study.

The components included in the standard of care vary among the included studies. For example, the standard of care may include antiviral treatments in some studies, but not in others. We are in the process of contacting the study authors to obtain more information.

We acknowledge that we may have been unable to extract some information from pre-prints, as they represent preliminary forms of scientific communication. We perform daily database searches to identify if an included pre-print has been published in a scientific journal, and we will use the published paper to update our extraction.

Following the publication of an expression of concern by the Lancet (June 3, 2020) regarding the paper by Mandeep Mehra et al—Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis, and the retraction by 3 of the authors (June 4, 2020), we decided to delete data related to this study from our website

Freedberg, DE, medRxiv, 2020 study assessing Famotidine vs Standard of Care was excluded from the systematic review due to prevalent user bias