Note: The risk of bias by domain corresponds to the highest risk of bias among outcomes by domain.
The overall risk of bias corresponds to the overall highest risk of bias assessed among outcomes.
| Bias | Author's judgement | Support for judgement |
| Randomization |
Some concerns |
Quote: “Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio.”
Comment: Allocation sequence probably random. No information on allocation concealment. |
| Deviations from intervention |
Some concerns |
Quote: “Open-label”
Comment: Unblinded study (participants and personnel/carers) Deviations from intended intervention arising because of the study context: No participant cross-over. No information on administration of co-interventions of interest: Biologics and antivirals. Corticosteroids were reported and balanced between arms. Biologics were reported. Hence, no information on whether deviations arose because of the trial context. Our analysis for the binary outcome is an intention-to-treat analysis. This method was considered appropriate to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention. Risk assessed to be some concerns for the outcomes: Mortality (D28). |
| Missing outcome data |
Low |
Comment: 15 participants randomized; 15 participants analyzed.
Data available for all participants randomized. Risk assessed to be low for the outcomes: Mortality (D28). |
| Measurement of the outcome |
Low |
Comment: Method of measuring the outcome probably appropriate.
Measurement or ascertainment of outcome probably does not differ between groups. Unblinded study (outcome assessor) MORTALITY Mortality is an observer-reported outcome not involving judgement. Risk assessed to be low for the outcomes: Mortality (D28). |
| Selection of the reported results |
Some concerns |
Comment: The protocol, statistical analysis plan and registry were not available.
No information on whether the result was selected from multiple outcome measurements or analyses of the data. No information on whether the trial was analyzed as pre-specified. Risk assessed to be some concerns for the outcome: Mortality (D28). |
| Overall risk of bias |
Some concerns |