Note: The risk of bias by domain corresponds to the highest risk of bias among outcomes by domain.
The overall risk of bias corresponds to the overall highest risk of bias assessed among outcomes.
| Bias | Author's judgement | Support for judgement |
| Randomization |
Some concerns |
Quote: "Randomized; Patients were divided into control (n = 15) and ozone (n = 15)groups"
Comment: Allocation sequence probably random. No information on allocation concealment |
| Deviations from intervention |
Some concerns |
Quote: “Only two doctors used ozone inhalation for patients to be a blind study. The doctors who made this application were unaware of the clinical and laboratory results of the patients until the end of the study”
Comment: Unclear blinding (unclear if personnel/carers blinded) Deviations from intended intervention arising because of the study context: No participant cross-over. No information on administration of co-interventions of interest: corticosteroids or biologics. Antivirals and antimalarials were reported and were standardized between arms. Hence, no information on whether deviations arose because of the trial context. Our analysis for the binary outcome is an intention-to-treat analysis. This method was considered appropriate to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention. Risk assessed to be some concerns for the outcomes: Incidence of viral negative conversion (D7). |
| Missing outcome data |
Low |
Comment: 30 participants randomized; 30 participants analyzed.
Data available for all or nearly all participants randomized. Risk assessed to be low for the outcomes: Time to viral negative conversion. |
| Measurement of the outcome |
Low |
Comment: Method of measuring the outcome probably appropriate.
Measurement or ascertainment of outcome probably does not differ between groups. Unclear blinding (outcome assessor). VIRAL NEGATIVE CONVERSION Observer-reported outcome not involving judgement. Risk assessed to be low for the outcomes:Time to viral negative conversion. |
| Selection of the reported results |
Some concerns |
Comment: The protocol, statistical analysis plan and registry were not available
No information on whether the result was selected from multiple outcome measurements or analyses of the data. No information on whether the trial was analyzed as pre-specified. Risk assessed to be some concerns for the outcome: Incidence of viral negative conversion (D7) |
| Overall risk of bias |
Some concerns |