| Bias | Author's judgement | Support for judgement |
| Randomization |
Some concerns |
Comment: It is unclear whether the allocation was concealed. The only information comes from the trial registry: "Computer-generated sequence of random numbers". |
| Deviations from intervention |
Some concerns |
Comment: Unblinded study. There is no evidence of deviation from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context’ (i.e., no cross-over; co-interventions administered are balanced between arms). One participant was excluded because their clinical condition improved before the start of bronchoscopic intubation. One participant was excluded because they withdrew consent in the HFNO arm, which may have been influenced by intervention group assignment. The remaining participants were analyzed according to their assigned intervention. |
| Missing outcome data |
Low |
Comment: 60 randomized, 58 analyzed. Risk assessed to be "low" for the outcomes:Time to intubation |
| Measurement of the outcome |
Low |
Comment: Objectively measured outcome. Risk assessed to be "low" for the outcomes: Total Intubation Time. |
| Selection of the reported results |
Some concerns |
Comment: Neither the protocol nor the statistical analysis plan was available. Risk assessed to be "some concerns" for the outcomes: Total intubation time. |
| Overall risk of bias |
Some concerns |